Explosion Safe Electrolysis Unit

ABSTRACT

A dual-chamber electrolysis vessel safely stores HHO gas for use by an internal combustion engine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/056,062, filed Aug. 6, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/623,302, filed Jan. 29, 2018. Theforegoing related applications, in their entirety, are incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure relates to systems and methods for a dual-chamberelectrolysis vessel configured to safely store HHO gas for use by aninternal combustion engine.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. 2013/0220240, published Aug. 29, 2013,U.S. Pat. No. 9,267,428, granted Feb. 23, 2016, U.S. Patent ApplicationPubl. No. 2016/0138496, published May 19, 2016, and U.S. PatentApplication Publ. No. 2017/0254259, published Sep. 7, 2017, (hereinafterreferred to as the “REFERENCE APPLICATIONS”) are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Worldwide emissions, stemming primarily from the burning of fossilfuels, are reaching the highest levels ever recorded. By some measures,the emissions associated with burning fossil fuels have already reachednearly 5 metric tons/person/year. Internal combustion engines, includingdiesel engines, are a major contributor of fossil fuel emissions. Infact, by some measures, there are over 300 million diesel enginesworldwide.

Internal combustion engines, and diesel engines in particular, emitparticulate matter (PM) and governments around the world are realizingthat these emissions are a cause for great concern. As a result, manycountries/jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Unionand China, are passing regulations which require significantly reducedemissions from internal combustion engines, including diesel engines.

Accordingly, more and more, businesses are forced to comply with thesenew air quality standards at their own expense. Sometimes, the costs formodifying a large internal combustion engine installation to meet newregulations can exceed US $30,000 per engine.

An attributable amount of emissions created by internal combustionengines is a result of the internal combustion engines failure toconvert all of the energy available in the hydrocarbon fuel (e.g.,gasoline and/or diesel fuel). This incomplete conversion is often aresult of what is commonly referred to as incomplete combustion of thefuel. Incomplete combustion results in an unnecessary loss of fuelefficiency and an increase in pollution.

Accordingly, it is desirable to have a system and/or method for use withan internal combustion engine that aids in achieving more completecombustion of the hydrocarbon fuel, reduced emissions, and/or betterfuel economy, or otherwise improves certain metrics of the internalcombustion engine.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise introducing in the range of 1.25-30liters (for example in the range of 2-5 liters) of HHO gas per hour perliter of displacement of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the method may comprise combusting a quantityof carbonaceous fuel in the presence of the introduced HHO gas toincrease fuel economy of the carbonaceous fuel by at least 5% (forexample at least 10% or at least 20%).

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further compriseelectrolyzing an aqueous electrolyte solution at an average (or maximum)current draw of less than 20 amps (for example less than 15 amps or inthe range of 9-15 amps, in the range of 9-12 amps, or in the range of10-15 amps) to form the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example,the aqueous electrolyte solution may comprise no more than 3 wt. % ofany salt (for example no more than 3 wt. % potassium carbonate such asin the range of 1.5-3 wt. % potassium carbonate). In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolyzing may be performed with atotal electrical resistance of less than 20 ohm (for example less than10 ohm or less than 3 ohm). In certain embodiments, for example, theinternal combustion engine may power a vehicle. In certain embodiments,for example, the electrolyzing may occur onboard the vehicle. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolyzing may consume electrolysis ofup to 20 ounces (for example in the range of 4-10 ounces or up to 4-10ounces) of the aqueous electrolyte per liter displacement of theinternal combustion engine per 10,000 miles traveling distance of thevehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a class8 truck.

In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maybe a gasoline engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may be a diesel engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the diesel engine may be a heavy duty diesel engine sized toproduce in the range of 430-500 hp. In certain embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may have a displacement in the range of11-16 liters. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may be sized to produce in the range of 200-250 hp. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayhave a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters. In certain embodiments,for example, the internal combustion engine may be a generator setengine. In certain embodiments, for example, the generator set enginemay have a displacement in the range of 6-60 liters. In certainembodiments, for example, the generator set engine may have adisplacement in the range of 2-6 liters per cylinder. In certainembodiments, for example, the generator set engine may be sized toproduce more than 1000 hp. In certain embodiments, for example, thegenerator set engine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp. In certainembodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be abiofuel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the introducing may comprisedepositing air-free portions of the HHO gas (for example portions of theHHO gas comprising less than 5 wt. % air, less than 1 wt. % air, lessthan 1000 ppm air, less than 500 ppm air, less than 250 ppm air, or lessthan 100 ppm air) into an air stream supply for a particular combustionchamber, within 3 inches (for example within 1% inches or within 1 inch)of at least one combustion chamber inlet orifice (for example an airintake orifice) of the internal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce one or moreengine-out emissions (for example a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission) by atleast 10%. The improvement in reduced emissions may be relative to aninternal combustion engine running under identical or substantiallyidentical conditions (for example, taking into account engine load,average engine load, run-time, average run-time, temperature, averagetemperature, speed, average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration,average acceleration and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the introduced HHO gas may be nomore than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm, no more than250 ppm, in the range of 1-250 ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm, in therange of 25-100 ppm, or in the range of 50-100 ppm) relative to theweight of the combusted quantity of carbonaceous fuel.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce exhausttemperature by at least 10° F. (for example at least 20° F. or at least30° F.).

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be substantiallyhydrogen.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further comprisedelivering HHO gas to a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneratorsystem.

In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of the in therange of 1.25-30 liters of the HHO gas stream per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine may be passed through aheat exchanger prior to the introducing. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may receive an engine exhaust stream. Incertain embodiments, for example, the engine exhaust stream may be usedin the heat exchanger to heat the HHO gas stream. In certainembodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may receive an enginecoolant stream. In certain embodiments, for example, the engine coolantstream may be used in the heat exchanger to adjust the temperature (forexample, cooling and/or heating) of the HHO gas stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, a portion of the introduced HHO gasmay be introduced to a first combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine during a portion of an intake stroke of a combustioncylinder, the combustion cylinder comprising the combustion chamber. Incertain embodiments, for example, the portion of an intake stroke may beless than 50% of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments, for example,the during a portion of an intake stroke is when the intake stroke maybe at an angle in the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine (for example by at least3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 8%, or by at least10%). The improvement in fuel economy may be relative to the internalcombustion engine running under identical or substantially identicalconditions (for example, taking into account engine load, average engineload, run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature,speed, average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, averageacceleration and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. In certainembodiments, for example, the method may comprise combusting a quantityof carbonaceous fuel in at least one combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine in the presence of no more than 500 ppm (for examplein the range of 1-500 ppm, no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in therange of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas during cold start (for example during thefirst 60 seconds of starting the internal combustion engine, during thefirst 120 seconds of starting the internal combustion engine, or duringthe first 180 seconds of starting the internal combustion engine). Incertain embodiments, for example, the combusting may achieve at least97% complete combustion of the quantity of carbonaceous fuel.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise introducing in the range of 2-5liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the introducingmay comprise depositing a first portion of the HHO gas in a first airstream within 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet orifice ofthe internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, theintroducing may comprise depositing a second portion of the HHO gas in asecond air stream within 3 inches of a second combustion chamber inletorifice of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the introducing may comprise depositing at least a thirdportion of the HHO gas in at least a third air stream within 3 inches ofat least a third combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise combusting a quantity of carbonaceous fuel in the presence ofat least one of the deposited first portion of the HHO gas, thedeposited second portion of the HHO gas, and the deposited at least athird portion of the HHO gas to increase fuel economy of thecarbonaceous fuel by at least 5%.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine during cold start toachieve at least 85% (for example at least 90%, at least 93%, at least95%, at least 97%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%)complete combustion of the quantity of carbonaceous fuel during thefirst 60 seconds (or 120 seconds or 180 seconds) of starting theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may comprise combusting a first quantity of carbonaceous fuel ina first combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine in thepresence of no more than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm,no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250 ppm, in the range of 1-100ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in the range of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas,relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise combusting a second quantity of thecarbonaceous fuel in a second combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine in the presence of no more than 500 ppm (for examplein the range of 1-500 ppm, no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in therange of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbonaceousfuel. In certain embodiments, for example, the method may comprisecombusting at least a third quantity of carbonaceous fuel in at least athird combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine in thepresence of no more than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm,no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250 ppm, in the range of 1-100ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in the range of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas,relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine during cold start toachieve at least 85% (for example at least 90%, at least 93%, at least95%, at least 97%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%)complete combustion of the quantity of carbonaceous fuel before theinternal combustion engine reaches 50% of a steady state operatingtemperature of the internal combustion engine after starting theinternal combustion engine. The improvement in fuel economy may berelative to the internal combustion engine running under identical orsubstantially identical conditions (for example, taking into accountengine load, average engine load, run-time, average run-time,temperature, average temperature, speed, average speed, rpm's, averagerpm's, acceleration, average acceleration and/or type of primary fuel)without HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise combusting a first quantity of carbonaceous fuel in a firstcombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence ofno more than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm, no morethan 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250 ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm, inthe range of 25-100 ppm, or in the range of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas,relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise combusting a second quantity of thecarbonaceous fuel in a second combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine in the presence of no more than 500 ppm (for examplein the range of 1-500 ppm, no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in therange of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbonaceousfuel. In certain embodiments, for example, the method may comprisecombusting at least a third quantity of carbonaceous fuel in at least athird combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine in thepresence of no more than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm,no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250 ppm, in the range of 1-100ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in the range of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas,relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising: i)introducing in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine; and ii) combusting aquantity of carbonaceous fuel in the presence of the introduced HHO gasto increase fuel economy of the carbonaceous fuel by at least 5%. Theimprovement in fuel economy may be relative to the internal combustionengine running under identical or substantially identical conditions(for example, taking into account engine load, average engine load,run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature, speed,average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, average accelerationand/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. Certain embodiments mayprovide, for example, a method for increasing fuel economy of aninternal combustion engine, comprising: combusting a quantity ofcarbonaceous fuel in at least one combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine in the presence of no more than 500 ppm (for examplein the range of 1-500 ppm, no more than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm, in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in therange of 50-100 ppm) HHO gas during cold start, relative to the quantityof carbonaceous fuel.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising: i)introducing in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine, the introducingcomprising: a) depositing a first portion of the HHO gas in a first airstream within 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet orifice ofthe internal combustion engine; b) depositing a second portion of theHHO gas in a second air stream within 3 inches of a second combustionchamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine; and c)depositing at least a third portion of the HHO gas in at least a thirdair stream within 3 inches of at least a third combustion chamber inletorifice of the internal combustion engine; and ii) combusting a quantityof carbonaceous fuel in the presence of the introduced HHO gas toincrease fuel economy of the carbonaceous fuel by at least 5%. Theimprovement in fuel economy may be relative to the internal combustionengine running under identical or substantially identical conditions(for example, taking into account engine load, average engine load,run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature, speed,average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, average accelerationand/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine during cold start toachieve at least 97% complete combustion of the quantity of carbonaceousfuel during the first 60 seconds (or 120 seconds or 180 seconds) ofstarting the internal combustion engine, comprising: i) combusting afirst quantity of carbonaceous fuel in a first combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine in the presence of less than 500 ppm HHO gas,relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel; ii) combusting a secondquantity of the carbonaceous fuel in a second combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine in the presence of less than 500 ppm HHO gas,relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel; and iii) combusting atleast a third quantity of carbonaceous fuel in at least a thirdcombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence ofless than 500 ppm HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbonaceousfuel. The improvement in fuel economy may be relative to the internalcombustion engine running under identical or substantially identicalconditions (for example, taking into account engine load, average engineload, run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature,speed, average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, averageacceleration and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a diesel particulatefilter (DPF) burner configured to combust a fuel to provide a heated gasstream to a DPF system. In certain embodiments, for example, the DPFburner may comprise an HHO gas injector configured to provide a supplyof HHO gas proximate the DPF burner. In certain embodiments, forexample, the DPF burner may be retrofitted with an HHO gas injectorconfigured to provide a supply of HHO gas proximate the DPF burner.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a diesel particulatefilter (DPF) regenerator system. In certain embodiments, for example,the system may comprise a DPF burner configured to combust a fuel (forexample a petroleum-based fuel such as gasoline or diesel). In certainembodiments, for example, the system may comprise an HHO gas injectorconfigured to provide a supply of HHO gas proximate the DPF burner.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF may be a wall-flow DPF. Incertain embodiments, for example, the DPF may be cooperatively coupledto at least one exhaust pipe.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF burner may atomize the fueland aim the atomized fuel in the direction of a combustion zone, thecombustion zone configured to combust the atomized fuel in the presenceof the supply of HHO gas to form a heated gas stream. In certainembodiments, for example, the DPF burner may comprise an evaporationzone and a combustion zone, the evaporation zone configured to atomizethe fuel, the combustion zone configured to combust the atomized fuel inthe presence of the supply of HHO gas to form a heated gas stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system may further comprise aheat transfer element in thermal communication with the DPF burner andat least one exhaust pipe upstream of the DPF.

In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel may be a diesel fuel.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator may be adaptedfor use onboard a vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, the DPFregenerator may be adapted for use with a generator set engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator system mayfurther comprise a lance cooperatively coupled to the HHO injector, thelance having an outlet distal from the injector, the outlet positionedwithin 3 inches of the DPF burner, for example within 3 inches of thecombustion zone of the DPF burner.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator system mayfurther comprise an HHO gas supply system or be retrofitted to comprisean HHO gas supply system. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHOgas supply system may comprise an electrolysis unit. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis unit may be adapted for useonboard a vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gassupply system may be configured for in situ generation of the supply ofHHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator systemmay be exclusive of a device (for example a scrubber) for reducingmoisture in an HHO gas stream produced by the electrolysis unit. Incertain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas supply system may beconfigured to provide moisture-free HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, the HHO gas supply system may be configured to provide HHO gashaving no more than 0.062 g/cm³ (for example no more than 0.06 g/cm³, nomore than 0.05 g/cm³, or no more than 0.04 g/cm³) water. In certainembodiments, for example, the HHO gas supply system may be configured toprovide HHO gas that is at or below a saturation point with water at atemperature of no more than 120° F. (for example no more than 110° F. orno more than 100° F.).

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator may be adaptedfor use with a nonroad engine or non-over-the-road engine. In certainembodiments, for example, DPF regenerator may be adapted for use with anoff-road vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, the DPFregenerator may be adapted for use with a stationary engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator may be adapted for usewith for use with a locomotive engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the DPF regenerator may be adapted for use with for use with amarine engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator system mayfurther comprise a heat exchanger configured to receive the controlledsupply of HHO gas, the heat exchanger disposed upstream of the DPFburner. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may bein thermal communication with an internal combustion engine and/or theDPF regenerator system. In certain embodiments, for example, the heatexchanger may be configured to receive an engine exhaust stream. Incertain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be configuredto receive an engine coolant stream. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may be configured to receive a DPFregenerator system exhaust stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator system mayfurther comprise a plurality of further HHO gas injectors configured todeliver a further supply of HHO gas supply at multiple locations aboutan internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, theplurality of further HHO gas injectors may comprise: a) a first injectorof the plurality of further HHO gas injectors configured to deliver afirst portion of the further supply of HHO gas to a first location abouta first combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine; b) asecond injector of the plurality of further HHO gas injectors configuredto deliver a second portion of the further supply of HHO gas to a secondlocation about a second combustion chamber inlet of the internalcombustion engine; and c) at least a third injector of the plurality offurther HHO gas injectors configured to deliver at least a third portionof the further supply of HHO gas to at least a third location about atleast a third combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustionengine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first injector may beconfigured to deliver the first portion of the further supply of HHO gasto the first combustion chamber during a portion of an intake stroke ofa combustion cylinder, the combustion cylinder comprising the firstcombustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the portion ofan intake stroke may be less than 50% of the intake stroke. In certainembodiments, for example, the during a portion of an intake stroke iswhen the intake stroke may be at an angle in the range of 0-40° fromtop-dead-center.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method to regenerate adiesel particulate filter (DPF). In certain embodiments, for example,the method may comprise combusting a fuel in the presence of an injectedquantity of HHO gas to form a heated gas stream. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise transferring heat from the heatedgas stream directly and/or indirectly through the DPF.

In certain embodiments, for example, the injected quantity of HHO gasmay be air-free and/or moisture-free prior to being injected. In certainembodiments, for example, the transferring heat may heat the at leastone exhaust stream to a temperature above 600° C. (for example to atemperature above 650° C.). In certain embodiments, for example, theinjected quantity of HHO gas may be generated in real time.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a diesel particulatefilter (DPF) regenerator system, comprising: i) a DPF burner configuredto combust a fuel; and ii) an HHO gas injector configured to provide acontrolled supply of HHO gas proximate the DPF burner.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method to regenerate adiesel particulate filter (DPF), comprising: i) combusting a fuel in thepresence of an injected quantity of HHO gas to form a heated gas stream;and ii) transferring heat from the heated gas stream directly and/orindirectly to the DPF.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to provide HHOgas to a diesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the systemmay comprise a multi-point gas distribution system adapted to receive anHHO gas supply. In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-point gasdistribution system may comprise a plurality of injectors configured todeliver portions of the received HHO gas supply at multiple locationsabout a diesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themulti-point gas distribution system may comprise at least one furtherinjector configured to deliver a further portion of the received HHO gassupply to a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system.

In certain embodiments, for example, at least one injector of theplurality of injectors may be coupled to an HHO gas outlet, the at leastone injector cooperatively configured with the diesel engine to befixedly positioned at a predetermined location about the diesel engine,whereby the HHO gas outlet is within 3 inches of at least one combustionchamber inlet of the diesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example,the at least one injector may be configured to be fixedly positioned ata retrofitted attachment point of the diesel engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the combustion chamber inlet may be an airintake orifice.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system to provide HHO gas to adiesel engine may further comprise a control system, the control systemconfigured to control timing and/or duration for the delivering aportion of HHO gas and for the delivering a further portion of HHO gas.In certain embodiments, for example, the timing and duration of thefurther delivering may be different from the timing and/or duration ofthe delivering. In certain embodiments, for example, the control systemmay be configured to process intake stroke timing data for at least oneair intake orifice of the diesel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system for providingHHO gas to a diesel engine may be adapted to provide HHO gas to a dieselengine coupled to a vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, thecontrol system to provide HHO gas to a diesel engine may be adapted toconnect to an HHO gas supply system. In certain embodiments, forexample, the control system may be adapted to connect to a multi-pointgas distribution system adapted to connect to an HHO gas supply system.In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distributionsystem may be adapted to connect to an outlet of an electrolysis unit.In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis unit may beonboard the vehicle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system to provide HHOgas to a diesel engine may be adapted to provide HHO gas to a generatorset engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system to provide HHOgas to a diesel engine may further comprise a gas pressure regulator. Incertain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator may beconfigured to at least partially control a pressure of HHO gas in themulti-point gas distribution system relative to a combustion air intakepressure of the diesel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distributionsystem may be configured to receive the HHO gas supply at a pressure inthe range of 30-60 psig (for example in the range of 40-55 psig, in therange of 44-50 psig, or in the range of 45-50 psig).

In certain embodiments, for example, the system to provide HHO gas to adiesel engine may further comprise a heat exchanger, the heat exchangerhaving a first inlet adapted to connect to an engine coolant line, theheat exchanger having a second inlet adapted to connect to themulti-point gas distribution system.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of improving theoperation and emissions of a diesel engine equipped with a DPF. Incertain embodiments, for example, the method may comprise delivering afirst quantity of HHO gas to multiple air intake locations about adiesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise further delivering a second quantity of HHO gas upstream of thediesel particulate filter (DPF).

In certain embodiments, for example, the first quantity of HHO gas andthe second quantity of HHO gas may be air-free prior to the deliveringand the further delivering.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further compriseexchanging heat between the first quantity of HHO gas and an enginecoolant stream. In certain embodiments, for example, the method mayfurther comprise exchanging heat between the first quantity of HHO gasand a diesel engine exhaust stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further comprisegenerating the first quantity of HHO gas on demand.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to provide HHOgas to a diesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the systemmay comprise a multi-point gas distribution system for controlleddelivery of an HHO gas supply. In certain embodiments, for example, themulti-point gas distribution system may comprise a plurality ofinjectors configured to deliver portions of the HHO gas supply atmultiple locations about a diesel engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the multi-point gas distribution system may comprise a firstinjector of the plurality of injectors configured to deliver a firstportion of HHO gas of the portions of the HHO gas supply to a firstlocation about a first combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distributionsystem may comprise a second injector of the plurality of injectorsconfigured to deliver a second portion of HHO gas of the portions of theHHO gas supply to a second location about a second combustion chamberinlet of the diesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themulti-point gas distribution system may comprise at least a thirdinjector of the plurality of injectors configured to deliver at least athird portion of HHO gas of the portions of the HHO gas supply to atleast a third location about at least a third combustion chamber inletof the diesel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themulti-point gas distribution system may comprise at least one furtherinjector configured to deliver a further portion of the HHO gas supplyto a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system.

In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distributionsystem may further comprise a first lance cooperatively coupled to thefirst injector. In certain embodiments, for example, the first lance maydefine an outlet distal from the injector, the outlet for positioningwithin 3 inches of the first combustion chamber inlet.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system to provide HHO gas to adiesel engine may further comprise a heat exchanger, the heat exchangerconfigured to receive the HHO gas supply, the heat exchanger disposedupstream of the diesel engine and/or the DPF regenerator system. Incertain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be in thermalcommunication with an internal combustion engine and/or the DPFregenerator system. In certain embodiments, for example, the heatexchanger may be configured to receive an engine exhaust stream. Incertain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be configuredto receive an engine coolant stream. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may be configured to receive a DPFregenerator system exhaust stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, a first injector of the pluralityof injectors may be configured to deliver HHO gas to a first combustionchamber of the diesel engine during a portion of an intake stroke of afirst combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylinder comprising thefirst combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, theportion of the intake stroke may be less than 50% of the intake stroke.In certain embodiments, for example, the during a portion of an intakestroke may be when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of0-40° from top-dead-center.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to provide HHOgas to a diesel engine, comprising: a multi-point gas distributionsystem adapted to receive an HHO gas supply, comprising: i) a pluralityof injectors configured to actuate to deliver a portion of the receivedHHO gas supply at multiple locations about a diesel engine; and ii) atleast one further injector configured to deliver a further portion ofthe received HHO gas supply to a diesel particulate filter (DPF)regenerator system.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of improving theoperation and emissions of a diesel engine equipped with a DPF,comprising: i) delivering a first quantity of HHO gas to multiple airintake locations about a diesel engine; and ii) further delivering asecond quantity of HHO gas upstream of the diesel particulate filter(DPF).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to provide HHOgas to a diesel engine, comprising: a multi-point gas distributionsystem for controlled delivery of an HHO gas supply, comprising: aplurality of injectors configured to deliver a portion of the HHO gassupply at multiple locations about a diesel engine, comprising: a) afirst injector of the plurality of injectors configured to deliver afirst portion of the HHO gas supply to a first location about a firstcombustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine; b) a second injector ofthe plurality of injectors configured to deliver a second portion of theHHO gas supply to a second location about a second combustion chamberinlet of the diesel engine; c) at least a third injector of theplurality of injectors configured to deliver at least a third portion ofthe HHO gas supply to at least a third location about at least a thirdcombustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine; and d) at least onefurther injector configured to deliver a further portion of the HHO gassupply to a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. Theimprovement in fuel economy may be relative to the internal combustionengine running under identical or substantially identical conditions(for example, taking into account engine load, average engine load,run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature, speed,average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, average accelerationand/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise delivering a quantity of HHO gas ina stream of oxygen-containing gas to at least one combustion chamber ofthe internal combustion engine during a portion of an intake stroke ofat least one combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the portion may be less than 70% (forexample less than 50%, less than 25%, or in the range of 20-25% of theintake stroke). In certain embodiments, for example, the portion may bein the range of 70-100% of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments,for example, the portion may be less than the whole intake stroke. Incertain embodiments, for example, the during a portion of an intakestroke may be when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of0-40° (or)40-180° from top-dead-center. In certain embodiments, forexample, the during a portion of an intake stroke may be when the intakestroke is at an angle of at least 10° from top-dead-center.

In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maybe a 4-stroke engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be air-free priorto introduction to the stream of oxygen-containing gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may improve fuel economyby at least 10% (for example at least 20% or at least 30%). Theimprovement in fuel economy may be relative to the internal combustionengine running under identical or substantially identical conditions(for example, taking into account engine load, average engine load,run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature, speed,average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, average accelerationand/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the primary fuel may comprise abiofuel.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further compriseintroducing the quantity of HHO gas to the stream of oxygen-containinggas within 3 inches of at least one combustion chamber inlet orifice ofthe internal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one combustion chamberinlet orifice may comprise an air intake valve or port.

In certain embodiments, for example, the delivered quantity of HHO gasmay be in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce engine-outemissions by at least 10% (for example by at least 20% or at least 30%).The improvement in engine-out emissions may be relative to the internalcombustion engine running under identical or substantially identicalconditions (for example, taking into account engine load, average engineload, run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature,speed, average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, averageacceleration and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. In certainembodiments, for example, the method may reduce particulate emissions byat least 10% (for example by at least 20% or by at least 30%). Incertain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce soot emissionsby at least 10% (for example by at least 20% or by at least 30%). Incertain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce a combustionexhaust temperature by at least 10° F. (for example by at least 20° F.or by least 30° F.).

In certain embodiments, for example, the delivered quantity of HHO gasmay be no more than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm, nomore than 250 ppm, in the range of 1-250 ppm, in the range of 1-100 ppm,in the range of 25-100 ppm, or in the range of 50-100 ppm) HHO gasrelative to the weight of combusted carbonaceous fuel.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further comprisedelivering a further quantity of HHO gas to a diesel particulate filter(DPF) regenerator system. In certain embodiments, for example, thequantity of HHO gas may be passed through a heat exchanger prior to thedelivering. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger mayreceive an engine exhaust stream. In certain embodiments, for example,the heat exchanger may receive an engine coolant stream. In certainembodiments, for example, the delivered quantity of HHO gas may be fresh(for example the quantity of HHO gas may be delivered within 5 hours ofgeneration (for example generation by electrolysis of an electrolytesolution).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for deliveringprecision quantities of in-situ generated HHO gas about an internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise delivering separate independent quantities of HHO gas duringindependent portions of at least two air intake strokes to at least twoout-of-phase combustion cylinders of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the portions of the at least two airintake strokes may be less than 70% of the complete air intake strokesfor either of the air intake strokes.

In certain embodiments, for example, the delivering the separateindependent quantities of HHO gas may comprise: delivering a firstquantity of HHO gas during a portion of an intake stroke of a firstcombustion cylinder, the portion of the intake stroke of the firstcombustion cylinder may be less than 70% (for example, less than 60%,less than 50%, or less than 40%) of the complete air intake stroke; anddelivering a second quantity of HHO gas during a portion of an intakestroke of a second combustion cylinder, the portion of the intake strokeof the second combustion cylinder may be less than 70% (for example,less than 60%, less than 50%, or less than 40%) of the complete airintake stroke; the intake stroke of the first combustion cylinder beingout of phase with the intake stroke of the second combustion cylinder.

In certain embodiments, for example, the delivering the separatequantities of HHO gas may comprise: delivering a first quantity of HHOgas during an intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder at acrankshaft angle in the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center of the firstcombustion cylinder; and delivering a second quantity of HHO gas duringan intake stroke of a second combustion cylinder at a crankshaft anglein the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center of the second combustioncylinder, the intake stroke of the first combustion cylinder out ofphase with the intake stroke of the second combustion cylinder.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. Theimprovement in fuel economy may be relative to the internal combustionengine running under identical or substantially identical conditions(for example, taking into account engine load, average engine load,run-time, average run-time, temperature, average temperature, speed,average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, average accelerationand/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise delivering a first quantity of HHOgas in a first stream of oxygen-containing gas to within 3 inches of afirst combustion chamber inlet orifice of a first combustion chamber ofthe internal combustion engine during a portion of an intake stroke of afirst combustion cylinder at an angle in the range of 0-40° fromtop-dead-center of the first combustion cylinder, the first combustioncylinder comprising the first combustion chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the method may comprise delivering a secondquantity of HHO gas in a second stream of oxygen-containing gas towithin 3 inches of a second combustion chamber inlet orifice of a secondcombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine during a portion ofan intake stroke of a second combustion cylinder at an angle in therange of 0-40° from top-dead-center of the second combustion cylinder,the second combustion cylinder comprising the second combustion chamber.In certain embodiments, for example, the method may comprise deliveringat least a third quantity of HHO gas in at least a third stream ofoxygen-containing gas to at least a third combustion chamber inletorifice of at least a third combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising:delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream of oxygen-containing gas toat least one combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engineduring a portion of an intake stroke (for example less than a fullintake stroke) of the at least one combustion cylinder.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for deliveringprecision quantities of in-situ generated HHO gas about an internalcombustion engine, comprising: delivering separate quantities of HHO gasduring portions of at least two air intake strokes to at least twoout-of-phase combustion cylinders of the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising:i) delivering a first quantity of HHO gas in a first stream ofoxygen-containing gas to within 3 inches of a first combustion chamberinlet orifice of a first combustion chamber of the internal combustionengine during a portion of an intake stroke of a first combustioncylinder at an angle in the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center of thefirst combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylinder comprising thefirst combustion chamber; ii) delivering a second quantity of HHO gas ina second stream of oxygen-containing gas to within 3 inches of a secondcombustion chamber inlet orifice of a second combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine during a portion of an intake stroke of asecond combustion cylinder at an angle in the range of 0-40° fromtop-dead-center of the second combustion cylinder, the second combustioncylinder comprising the second combustion chamber; and iii) deliveringat least a third quantity of HHO gas in at least a third stream ofoxygen-containing gas to at least a third combustion chamber inletorifice of at least a third combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine. The improvement in fuel economy may be relative tothe internal combustion engine running under identical or substantiallyidentical conditions (for example, taking into account engine load,average engine load, run-time, average run-time, temperature, averagetemperature, speed, average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration,average acceleration and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to distribute anHHO gas supply to an internal combustion engine having a plurality ofcombustion chambers. In certain embodiments, for example, the system maycomprise at least one injector among a plurality of injectors, the atleast one injector configured to introduce at least a portion of the HHOgas supply to within 3 inches of at least one combustion chamber inletof at least one combustion chamber of the plurality of combustionchambers. In certain embodiments, for example, the system may comprise acontrol system configured to control the at least one injector based ontiming parameters for the at least one combustion chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of the at least one injectorin response to intake stroke timing of the at least one combustioncylinder or a change in the intake stroke timing. In certainembodiments, for example, the control system may be configured tocontrol the at least one injector. In certain embodiments, for example,the control system may be configured to adjust timing and/or duration ofthe at least one injector in response to engine speed or a change inengine speed. In certain embodiments, for example, the control systemmay be configured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of theat least one injector in response to engine load or a change in engineload. In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the at leastone injector in response to fuel consumption or a change in fuelconsumption. In certain embodiments, for example, the control system maybe configured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the atleast one injector when an exhaust temperature of the internalcombustion engine exceeds a predicted temperature.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may comprise aprocessor, the processor configured to compute an HHO gas quantityrequired to reduce one or more engine-out emissions to a predeterminedlevel. The improvement in engine-out emissions may be relative to theinternal combustion engine running under identical or substantiallyidentical conditions (for example, taking into account engine load,average engine load, run-time, average run-time, temperature, averagetemperature, speed, average speed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration,average acceleration and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the at leastone injector of the plurality of injectors when an HHO gas temperaturereading input from a temperature sensor exceeds a predetermined level.In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the at leastone injector of the plurality of injectors when an HHO gas pressurereading input from a pressure sensor exceeds a predetermined level. Incertain embodiments, for example, the control system may be configuredto actuate the plurality of injectors in a sequence whether an airintake valve is open.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to actuate the plurality of injectors in response to at leastthe camshaft rotation of an internal combustion engine and/or at leastone predetermined position of the camshaft. In certain embodiments, forexample, the control system may be further configured to actuate theplurality of injectors in response to an engine temperature measurement.In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to prevent actuation of the plurality of injectors until anengine temperature is measured having at least a minimum predeterminedvalue.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to actuate the plurality of injectors simultaneously. Incertain embodiments, for example, the control system may be configuredto actuate the at least one injector at a first time and a secondinjector of the plurality of injectors at a second time, the first timedifferent from the second time.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system to distribute an HHO gassupply may be configured to introduce the at least a portion of the HHOgas supply at a controlled temperature and pressure. In certainembodiments, for example, the system to distribute HHO gas may furthercomprise a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger configured to receive atleast a portion of the HHO gas supply. In certain embodiments, forexample, the pressure of the introduced at least a portion of the HHOgas supply may be controlled relative to a gas intake pressure of theinternal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the at leastone injector in response to throttle position or a change in throttleposition. In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of the at least one injectorin response to intake manifold pressure or a change in intake manifoldpressure. In certain embodiments, for example, the control system may beconfigured to adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the at leastone injector based on inputs from a knock sensor. In certainembodiments, for example, the control system may be configured to adjusttiming and/or duration of actuation of the at least one injector inresponse to exhaust temperature or a change in exhaust temperature. Incertain embodiments, for example, the control system may be configuredto adjust timing and/or duration of actuation of the at least oneinjector in response to input from a fuel injector sensor or a change ininput from a fuel injector sensor. In certain embodiments, for example,the control system may be configured to adjust timing and/or duration ofactuation of the at least one injector in response to input from an RPMsensor or a change in input from an RPM sensor.

In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one injector may beequipped with a metal tube to carry air-free HHO gas to within 3 inchesof a first combustion chamber inlet of the at least one combustionchamber inlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the metal tube mayhave a soldered end with an orifice drilled therethrough. In certainembodiments, for example, the orifice may have an orifice diameter inthe range of 10-50 thousandths of an inch. In certain embodiments, forexample, the system may be cooperatively configured with the internalcombustion engine whereby a distal end of the metal tube isfree-floating inside an air intake manifold.

In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors may beconnected together in a daisy chain to receive power for actuation in apredetermined sequence.

In certain embodiments, for example, each injector of the plurality ofinjectors may comprise an injector solenoid. In certain embodiments, forexample, each injector of the plurality of injectors may be actuated by1-20 milliamps of electric current. In certain embodiments, for example,the plurality of injectors may be actuated for 1-3 milliseconds perengine cylinder cycle (for example per engine cylinder cycle of a4-stroke engine cycle).

In certain embodiments, for example, the system to distribute an HHO gassupply may further comprise at least one further injector, the at leastone further injector configured to deliver a further portion of thereceived HHO gas supply to a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneratorsystem.

In certain embodiments, for example, a first injector of the at leastone injector may be configured to deliver the at least a portion of theHHO gas during a portion of an intake stroke of a first combustioncylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, the portion of an intakestroke is less than 50% of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments,for example, the during a portion of an intake stroke is when the intakestroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to distribute anHHO gas supply to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the system may comprise a first injector configured todeliver a first portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of afirst combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the system may comprise a secondinjector configured to deliver a second portion of the HHO gas supply towithin 3 inches of a second combustion chamber inlet of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the system maycomprise at least a third injector configured to deliver at least athird portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of at least athird combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the system may comprise a controlsystem configured to control the actuation of each injector among theplurality of injectors based on parameters for the correspondingcombustion chamber in the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to distribute anHHO gas supply to an internal combustion engine having a plurality ofcombustion chambers, comprising: i) at least one injector among aplurality of injectors, the at least one injector configured tointroduce at least a portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches ofat least one combustion chamber inlet of at least one combustion chamberof the plurality of combustion chambers; and ii) a control systemconfigured to control the at least one injector based on timingparameters for the at least one combustion chamber.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system to distribute anHHO gas supply to an internal combustion engine, comprising: i) a firstinjector configured to deliver a first portion of the HHO gas supply towithin 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet of the internalcombustion engine; ii) a second injector configured to deliver a secondportion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of a second combustionchamber inlet of the internal combustion engine; iii) at least a thirdinjector configured to deliver at least a third portion of the HHO gassupply to within 3 inches of at least a third combustion chamber inletof the internal combustion engine; and iv) a control system configuredto control the actuation of each injector among the plurality ofinjectors based on parameters for the corresponding combustion chamberin the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an onboard HHO generatorfor an over-the-road heavy duty truck powered by a heavy duty dieselengine. In certain embodiments, for example, the onboard HHO generatormay comprise a dual-chamber vessel in communication with an internalcombustion engine powering the heavy duty truck. In certain embodiments,for example, the dual-chamber vessel may comprise an electrolysis cellin a first chamber of the dual-chamber vessel, the first chambercontaining a quantity of electrolyte solution, the quantity ofelectrolyte solution sufficient to produce a supply of HHO gas for60,000,000 crankshaft rotations of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the dual-chamber vessel may comprise asecond chamber containing HHO gas and a quantity of replacementelectrolyte solution, the contained HHO gas and the quantity ofreplacement electrolyte solution sharing a free surface, the firstchamber and the second chamber in continuous liquid communication, thesecond chamber disposed between the first chamber and the internalcombustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the onboard generator may be incommunication (for example fluid communication) with at least onecombustion chamber of the heavy duty diesel engine. In certainembodiments, for example, a first injector may be configured to deliverthe at least a portion of the HHO gas during a portion of an intakestroke of a first combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylindercomprising a first combustion chamber of the at least one combustionchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the portion of the intakestroke may be less than 50% of the intake stroke. In certainembodiments, for example, the during a portion of an intake stroke maybe when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40° fromtop-dead-center.

In certain embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine mayhave a displacement in the range of 11-16 liters.

In certain embodiments, for example, the heaving duty diesel engine maybe sized for an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm. In certainembodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may provide inthe range of 1600-2000 ft-lb peak torque. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to produce in therange of 400-700 hp (for example 430-500 hp).

In certain embodiments, for example, the over-the-road heavy duty truckmay be a Class 8 vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, theover-the-road heavy duty truck may be a Class 9 vehicle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the quantity of electrolytesolution may be sufficient for at least 5,000 miles (for example atleast 10,000 miles, at least 20,000 miles, at least 30,000 miles, or atleast 40,000 miles) of driving.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber may be configuredto contain at least 1/4 gallon (for example at least 1/2 gallon, atleast 1 gallon, at least 2 gallons, at least 5 gallons, or at least 10gallons) of the electrolyte.

In certain embodiments, for example, the onboard HHO generator mayfurther comprise a controller, the controller configured to control atleast a power supply to the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments,for example, the controller may be configured to control the powersupply to maintain the quantity of the electrolyte solution at atemperature in the range of 80-150° F. (for example a temperature in therange of 90-120 ° F., in the range of 95-115° F., in the range of100-115° F., or a temperature in the range of 100-110° F.). In certainembodiments, for example, the controller may be configured to controlthe power supply to maintain the second chamber at a pressure in therange of 30-60 psig (for example in the range of 40-55 psig, in therange of 44-50 psig, or in the range of 45-50 psig).

In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may becooperatively configured with the first chamber to receive the supply ofHHO gas from the first chamber and to store a portion of the supply ofHHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may beconfigured to store at least a 10 minute supply (for example at least a20 minute supply, at least a 30 minute supply, or at least a 1 hoursupply) of HHO gas for use by the internal combustion engine based on anaverage load of 200 hp, the internal combustion engine having adisplacement of at least 10 liters. In certain embodiments, for example,the second chamber may have a volume at least as large as the volume ofthe first chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber may be cooled byengine coolant.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may compriseelectrodes, the electrodes comprising iridium coated on titanium.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO generator may be configuredto provide HHO gas for at least 50 hours (for example at least 100hours, at least 200 hours, or at least 500 hours) operation of the truckbased on the quantity of electrolyte. In certain embodiments, forexample, the HHO generator may be configured to provide HHO gas for atleast 5,000 miles (for example at least 10,000 miles, 20,000 miles,30,000 miles, or at least 50,000 miles) operation of the truck based onthe quantity of electrolyte.

In certain embodiments, for example, the controller may be configured tocontrol the power supply to cause the electrolysis cell to produce HHOgas intermittently to maintain a temperature of the electrolyte and apressure in the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, themaintained temperature may be in the range of 80-150° F. (for example atemperature in the range of 90-120° F., in the range of 95-115 ° F., inthe range of 100-115° F., or a temperature in the range of 100-110° F.).In certain embodiments, for example, the maintained pressure may be inthe range of 30-60 psig (for example in the range of 40-55 psig, in therange of 44-50 psig, or in the range of 45-50 psig).

In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber and the secondchamber may be in continuous liquid communication, the second chamberdisposed between the first chamber and the internal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the onboard HHO generator may be incommunication with at least one injector, the at least one injectorconfigured to deliver at least a portion of the supply of HHO gas to adiesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system. In certainembodiments, for example, the onboard HHO generator may be incommunication with a plurality of injectors, the plurality of injectorsconfigured to introduce at least a portion of the HHO gas to at leastone combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors maycomprise: i) a first injector configured to deliver a first portion ofthe HHO gas to within 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet ofthe diesel engine; ii) a second injector configured to deliver a secondportion of the HHO gas to a second combustion chamber inlet of thediesel engine; and iii) at least a third injector configured to deliverat least a third portion of the HHO gas to at least a third combustionchamber inlet of the diesel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the onboard HHO generator may be incommunication with a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger configured toreceive at least a portion of the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may be configured to receive an engineexhaust stream. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchangermay be configured to receive an engine coolant stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber and the secondchamber may be in continuous communication via a small size orifice (forexample less than 5% of the surface area of the free surface). Incertain embodiments, for example, the first chamber and the secondchamber may be in restricted fluid communication.

In certain embodiments, for example, the quantity of electrolytesolution may be sufficient to produce a supply of HHO gas for 60,000,000crankshaft rotations of the internal combustion engine at an averageload of 200 hp.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an onboard HHO generatorfor an over-the-road heavy duty truck powered by a heavy duty dieselengine, comprising: a dual-chamber vessel in communication with aninternal combustion engine powering the heavy duty truck, comprising: i)an electrolysis cell in a first chamber of the dual-chamber vessel, thefirst chamber containing a quantity of electrolyte solution, thequantity of electrolyte solution sufficient to produce a supply of HHOgas for 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations of the internal combustionengine; and ii) a second chamber containing HHO gas and a quantity ofreplacement electrolyte solution, the contained HHO gas and the quantityof replacement electrolyte solution sharing a free surface, the firstchamber and the second chamber in continuous liquid communication, thesecond chamber disposed between the first chamber and the internalcombustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a dual-chamberelectrolysis vessel configured for safe generation and storage of HHOgas for use by an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the vessel may comprise reusable container components, atleast one of the reusable container components dividing an interior ofthe vessel into a first chamber and a second chamber, the first chambercontaining an electrolysis cell, the electrolysis cell configured toproduce HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel maycomprise a replaceable pressure retaining and relief system, thereplaceable pressure retaining and relief system configured to—a) retainthe reusable container components in a fixed configuration when thecontents of the vessel are below a relief pressure; and b) allow reuseof the reusable container components without repair by releasingcontents of the vessel at the relief pressure.

In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceable pressure retainingand relief system may operate to relieve the relief pressure within 50ms (for example in less than 10 ms, less than 5 ms, less than 1 ms, orless than 0.1 ms).

In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceable pressure retainingand relief system may be configured to open the vessel at least 1% (forexample in the range of 1-3%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, orat least 10%), relative to a surface area of the vessel, in less than 50ms (for example in less than 10 ms, less than 5 ms, less than 1 ms, orless than 0.1 ms) of contents of the vessel reaching the pre-designedrelief pressure. In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceablepressure retaining and relief system may be configured to retain HHO gaswithin a storage pressure range.

In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may be incontinuous fluid communication with the first chamber, the secondchamber configured to store at least a portion of the produced HHO gas.In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be configured forpassive transport of HHO gas from the first chamber to the secondchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may beconfigured to contain less than a 5 hour supply (for example in therange of a 10-30 minute supply, less than a 2 hour supply, less than a 1hour supply, less than a 30 minute supply, or less than a 10 minutesupply) hour supply of HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, a controller may be configured tocontrol an electricity supply to the electrolysis cell to maintain avolume of HHO gas in the second chamber within the storage pressurerage.

In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceable pressure retainingand relief system may comprise a pressure release member, the pressurerelease member sized to release at least a portion of the contents ofthe vessel when the vessel pressure reaches the relief pressure. Incertain embodiments, for example, the pressure release member may benon-reclosing. In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure releasemember may be configured to open the second chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the relief pressure may be less than thelowest failure point of the vessel components.

In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceable pressure retainingand relief system may comprise at least one elongated retaining member.In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one elongatedretaining member may comprise a tie rod. In certain embodiments, forexample, the at least one elongated retaining member may comprise anall-thread rod. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least oneelongated retaining member may stretch by at least 3/16 inch at therelief pressure. In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceablepressure retaining and relief system may be configured to open thevessel when the at least one elongated retaining member yields.

In certain embodiments, for example, the reusable container componentsmay comprise: a first endplate, a first hollow outer casing, a secondhollow outer casing, and a middle plate disposed between the firsthollow outer casing and the second hollow outer casing.

In certain embodiments, for example, first and second cylindricalmembers may be pressed against a circular middle plate disposed therebetween via plural elongated retaining members symmetrically distributedabout the first and second cylindrical members, a first portion of theplural elongated retaining members passing through first apertures of aflange member of the first cylindrical member and first apertures of themiddle plate, a second portion of the plural elongated retaining memberspassing through second apertures of the middle plate and apertures of atop plate, the top plate pressed against the second cylindrical member.In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may comprise a pressurerelease member, wherein the pressure release member is the top plate ofthe second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the first andsecond cylindrical members may each have a diameter in the range of 4-12inches. In certain embodiments, for example, the non-reclosing pressurerelease member may be sized to form a vent area of at least 20 cm2within 0.1 milliseconds at the third pressure. In certain embodiments,for example, the top plate may be constructed of ⅜ inch stainless steel.In certain embodiments, for example, the middle plate may be constructedof a polyoxymethylene material. In certain embodiments, for example, theelongated retaining members may be all-thread rods fastened with locknuts. In certain embodiments, for example, the lock nuts may betightened to a torque in the range of 50-100 lb-in.

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure relief system may beconfigured to open the vessel upon detonation of HHO gas in the firstchamber and/or the second chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be adapted forinstallation onboard a vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, thevessel may be adapted for safe storage of HHO when the vehicle ismoving.

In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceable pressure retainingand relief system may be configured to form a vent area at the top ofthe second chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may contain coolingcoils in the first chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may compriseelectrodes, wherein a controller is configured to control an electricitysupply to the to the electrolysis cell to provide a current density tothe electrodes of 25-100 mA/cm². In certain embodiments, for example, acontroller may be configured to control an electricity supply to the tothe electrolysis cell to provide a voltage in the range of 11-15 VDC.

In certain embodiments, for example, a controller may be configured tocontrol an electricity supply to the to the electrolysis cell tomaintain a temperature in the first chamber of less than 65° C.

In certain embodiments, for example, the relief pressure may be 1500psig or more.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be in communicationwith at least one injector, the at least one injector configured todeliver at least a portion of the HHO gas to an internal combustionparticulate filter (DPF) regenerator system.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be in communicationwith a plurality of injectors, the plurality of injectors configured tointroduce at least a portion of the HHO gas to at least one combustionchamber inlet of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the plurality of injectors may comprise: i) a firstinjector configured to deliver a first portion of the HHO gas to within3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet of a first combustionchamber of the internal combustion engine; ii) a second injectorconfigured to deliver a second portion of the HHO gas to a secondcombustion chamber inlet of a second combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine; and iii) at least a third injector configured todeliver at least a third portion of the HHO gas to at least a thirdcombustion chamber inlet of at least a third combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be in communicationwith a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger configured to receive at leasta portion of the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the heatexchanger may be configured to receive an engine exhaust stream. Incertain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be configuredto receive an engine coolant stream.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first injector may beconfigured to deliver the first portion of the HHO gas during a portionof an intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder, the first combustioncylinder comprising the first combustion chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the portion of an intake stroke may be lessthan 50% of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments, for example, theduring a portion of an intake stroke may be when the intake stroke is atan angle in the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a dual-chamberelectrolysis vessel configured for safe storage of HHO gas for use by aninternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, thevessel may comprise an electrolysis cell in a first chamber of thedual-chamber vessel, the electrolysis cell configured to produce HHOgas. In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may comprise apressure release member, the pressure release member configured to forman opening in communication with a pressure relief space when a pressureinside the vessel exceeds a predetermined pressure, the opening having asurface area of at least 2% (for example at least 3%, at least 5%, or atleast 10%) the surface area of the vessel, the opening effective tobring the pressure of the vessel to a pressure of the relief space inless than 50 ms (for example in less than 10 ms, less than 5 ms, lessthan 1 ms, or less than 0.1 ms).

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may beconfigured to produce HHO gas at a first pressure or within a range ofpressures, for example the electrolysis cell may be in communicationwith a control system which controls a supply of electricity to theelectrolysis cell based on a pressure in a vapor space of the secondchamber, whereby a supply of electricity for generation of HHO gas isprovided only when the pressure in the vapor space falls in below saidfirst pressure or said range of pressures. In certain embodiments, forexample, the vessel may comprise a second chamber, the second chamber incontinuous fluid communication with the first chamber, the secondchamber configured to store at least a portion of the produced HHO gas.In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be configured forpassive transport of HHO gas from the first chamber to the secondchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may beconfigured to contain a less than 5 hour supply (for example less than a2 hour supply, less than a 1 hour supply, less than a 30 minute supply,or less than a 10 minute supply) of HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, a controller may be configured to control an electricity supplyto the to the electrolysis cell to maintain a pressure and an amount HHOgas in the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, thevessel may comprise a relief valve, the relief valve sized to release atleast a portion of the contents of the second chamber at a secondpressure, the second pressure greater than the first pressure. Incertain embodiments, for example, the pressure relief member may benon-reclosing. In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure releasemember may be configured to open the second chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the predetermined pressure may be less thanthe failure point of the other components of the vessel. In certainembodiments, for example, the first chamber and the second chamber maybe secured to one another by at least one elongated retaining member. Incertain embodiments, for example, the at least one elongated retainingmember may comprise a tie rod. In certain embodiments, for example, theat least one elongated retaining member may comprise an all-thread rod.In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one elongatedretaining member may stretch by at least 3/16 inch at the predeterminedpressure. In certain embodiments, for example, the non-reclosingpressure release member may be configured to open when the at least oneelongated retaining member yields. In certain embodiments, for example,the first and second chambers may be cylindrical. In certainembodiments, for example, the first and second chambers may each bepressed against a circular middle plate via plural elongated retainingmembers symmetrically distributed about the first and second chambers, afirst portion of the plural elongated retaining members passing throughfirst apertures of a flange member of the first chamber and firstapertures of the middle plate, a second portion of the plural elongatedretaining members passing through second apertures of the middle plateand apertures of a top plate of the second chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the top plate of the second chamber may be thepressure release member. In certain embodiments, for example, the firstand second chambers may each have a diameter in the range of 4-12inches. In certain embodiments, for example, the non-reclosing pressurerelease member may be sized to form a vent area of at least 20 cm²within 0.1 milliseconds at the third pressure. In certain embodiments,for example, the top plate may be constructed of ⅜ inch stainless steel.In certain embodiments, for example, the middle plate may be constructedof Delrin®. In certain embodiments, for example, the elongated retainingmembers may be all-thread rods fastened with lock nuts. In certainembodiments, for example, the lock nuts may be tightened to a torque inthe range of 50-100 lb-in.

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure release member may beconfigured to open upon detonation of HHO gas in the first chamberand/or the second chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be adapted forinstallation onboard a vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, thevessel may be adapted for safe storage of HHO when the vehicle ismoving.

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure release member may beconfigured to form a vent area at the top of the second chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may contain coolingcoils in the first chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may compriseelectrodes, wherein a controller is configured to control an electricitysupply to the to the electrolysis cell to provide a current density tothe electrodes of 25-100 mA/cm².

In certain embodiments, for example, a controller may be configured tocontrol an electricity supply to the to the electrolysis cell to providea voltage in the range of 11-15 VDC.

In certain embodiments, for example, a controller may be configured tocontrol an electricity supply to the to the electrolysis cell tomaintain a temperature in the first chamber of less than 65° C.

In certain embodiments, for example, the predetermined or pre-designedpressure may be 1500 psig or more.

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure release member maycomprise a top endcap of the second chamber.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a dual-chamberelectrolysis vessel configured for safe storage of HHO gas for use by aninternal combustion engine, comprising: i) reusable containercomponents, at least one of the reusable container components dividingan interior of the vessel into a first chamber and a second chamber, thefirst chamber containing an electrolysis cell, the electrolysis cellconfigured to produce HHO gas; and ii) a replaceable pressure retainingand relief system, the replaceable pressure retaining and relief systemconfigured to—a) retain the reusable container components in a fixedconfiguration when the contents of the vessel are below a reliefpressure; and b) allow reuse of the reusable container componentswithout repair by releasing contents of the vessel at the reliefpressure.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for providing HHOgas to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the method may comprise controlling a delivery temperature ofthe HHO gas by exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an exhaust gasstream of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the method may comprise delivering the HHO gas at the deliverytemperature to at least one combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further comprisepowering a vehicle with the internal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be produced by anonboard electrolysis unit.

In certain embodiments, for example, the controlling may comprisepassing HHO gas from a gas outlet of the onboard electrolysis unit to aheat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, the exhaust gasstream may be passed through the heat exchanger. In certain embodiments,for example, the temperature of the exhaust gas stream may be reduced byat least 30° F.

In certain embodiments, for example, the controlling may increase thetemperature of the HHO gas stream by at least 150° F.

In certain embodiments, for example, the heated HHO gas may be deliveredto the combustion chamber at a controlled temperature. In certainembodiments, for example, the delivery temperature may be based on apredetermined set point. In certain embodiments, for example, the heatedHHO gas stream may be delivered to the combustion chamber at atemperature and a pressure to deliver a predetermined amount of HHO gas.In certain embodiments, for example, the heat may be exchanged in ashell and tube heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, theHHO gas may pass through a tube portion of the heat exchanger and theexhaust gas stream may pass through a shell portion of the heatexchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, the tube portion maycomprise a single straight tube. In certain embodiments, for example,the HHO gas may have a pressure drop of less than 0.05 psi in the heatexchanger.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for providing HHOgas to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the method may comprise controlling a delivery temperature ofthe HHO gas by exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an exhaust gasstream of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the method may comprise delivering a first portion of the HHOgas at the delivery temperature to a first combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine, a second portion of the HHO gas at thedelivery temperature to a second combustion chamber of the internalcombustion engine, and at least a third portion of the HHO gas at thedelivery temperature to at least a third combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be furtherdelivered to a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced to afirst combustion chamber of the at least one combustion chamber during aportion of an intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder, the firstcombustion cylinder comprising the first combustion chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the portion of the intake stroke is less than50% of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments, for example, theduring a portion of an intake stroke may be when the intake stroke is atan angle in the range of 0-40° from top-dead-center.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for providing HHOgas to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the method may comprise exchanging heat with exhaust of theinternal combustion engine to control the temperature of the HHO gasdelivered to at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustionengine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further comprisepowering a vehicle with the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the HHO gas stream may be produced by anonboard electrolysis unit. In certain embodiments, for example, theindirectly exchanging heat may comprise the exhaust exchanging heat witha heat exchanger connected to a gas outlet of the onboard electrolysisunit.

In certain embodiments, for example, the indirectly exchanging heat maycomprise the exhaust exchanging heat with a heat exchanger connected toa gas outlet of the onboard electrolysis unit.

In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of the exhaust maybe reduced by at least 10° F. (for example at least 20° F., at least 30°F., or at least 40° F.) relative to an internal combustion enginerunning under identical or substantially identical conditions (forexample, taking into account engine load, average engine load, run-time,average run-time, temperature, average temperature, speed, averagespeed, rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration, average acceleration and/ortype of primary fuel) without HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of the heated HHOgas stream may be at least 125° F. (for example at least 150° F.).

In certain embodiments, for example, the heated HHO gas may be deliveredto the combustion chamber at a controlled temperature. In certainembodiments, for example, the heated HHO gas stream may be delivered tothe combustion chamber at a predetermined temperature or proximate thepredetermined temperature or within a predetermined temperature range(for example at a temperature in the range of 100-175 ° F.)

In certain embodiments, for example, the heated HHO gas stream may bedelivered to the combustion chamber at a temperature and a pressure (forexample at a temperature in the range of 100-175° F. and a pressure inthe range of 20-150 psig) to deliver a predetermined amount of HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the heat may be exchanged in ashell and tube heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, theHHO gas may pass through a tube portion of the heat exchanger and theexhaust passes through a shell portion of the heat exchanger. In certainembodiments, for example, the tube portion may comprise a singlestraight tube. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas has apressure drop of less than 1 psi (for example less than 0.25 psi, lessthan 0.1 psi, or less than 0.05 psi) in the heat exchanger.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for providing HHOgas to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the method may comprise exchanging heat with exhaust of theinternal combustion engine to control the temperature of the HHO gasdelivered to a first combustion chamber of the internal combustionengine, a second combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine,and at least a third combustion chamber of the internal combustionengine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for providing HHOgas to an internal combustion engine, comprising: i) controlling adelivery temperature of the HHO gas by exchanging heat between the HHOgas and an exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine; and ii)delivering the HHO gas at the delivery temperature to at least onecombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for providing HHOgas to an internal combustion engine, comprising: i) controlling adelivery temperature of the HHO gas by exchanging heat between the HHOgas and an exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine; and ii)delivering a first portion of the HHO gas at the delivery temperature toa first combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, a secondportion of the HHO gas at the delivery temperature to a secondcombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and at least athird portion of the HHO gas at the delivery temperature to at least athird combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an abatement system for anelectrolysis unit onboard a vehicle, comprising: a container having apartition between an electrolysis chamber and an HHO gas collectionchamber, the partition comprising a valve-free orifice, the electrolysischamber configured to house a plurality of electrodes. In certainembodiments, for example, the system may be effective to maintain theplurality of electrodes immersed in a liquid electrolyte throughout allorientations of the container when a liquid level is filled to at leastthe indicated minimum liquid level.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis systemcontainer for a vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolysis system container may comprise a first chamber of thecontainer containing an electrolysis generator, the electrolysisgenerator configured to produce HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, the electrolysis system container may comprise a second chamberof the container in fluid communication with the first chamber, thesecond chamber configured to receive and store HHO gas from the firstchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis systemcontainer may comprise a rollover abatement system configured to sealoff HHO gas from returning to the first chamber from the second chamberunder any orientation of the container.

In certain embodiments, for example, the rollover abatement system mayhave no moving parts. In certain embodiments, for example, the containermay have terminals for a power supply. In certain embodiments, forexample, the container may be coupled to a control system for the powersupply.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system containermay further comprise a pressure retaining and relief system, thepressure retaining and relief system configured to—i) prevent thecontainer from leaking under pressure up to a relief pressure; and ii)releasing contents of the container at the relief pressure.

In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may have aliquid storage space provisioned to contain a quantity of a liquidelectrolyte and a vapor space provisioned to contain a portion of theon-demand supply of HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, therollover abatement system may comprise a nozzle, the nozzle providingfluid communication between the first chamber and a second chamber, thenozzle configured to maintain a liquid seal over the first chamber underany orientation of the first chamber and/or the second chamber. Incertain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may be in fixed relationwith the first and second chambers. In certain embodiments, for example,the nozzle may be an elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured topassively communicate liquid electrolyte and HHO gas between the firstchamber and the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, theelongated dual-purpose nozzle may define an outlet disposed within thesecond chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may bein fixed relation with the first and second chambers. In certainembodiments, for example, the nozzle may be a gooseneck nozzle. Incertain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may be integral with amiddle plate, the middle plate separating the first and second chambers.In certain embodiments, for example, the liquid seal may preventtransfer of vapor from second chamber to the first chamber under anyorientation of the first and/or second chamber. In certain embodiments,for example, the liquid seal may prevent transfer of gas from the secondchamber into the first chamber under ordinary operation of the vehicle.In certain embodiments, for example, the liquid seal may preventtransfer of gas from the second chamber into the first chamber if thevehicle rolls over.

In certain embodiments, for example, the rollover abatement system maybe passive. In certain embodiments, for example, the rollover abatementsystem may be unpowered.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber and the secondchamber may be in fixed relation. In certain embodiments, for example,the first chamber and the second chamber may be defined by adual-chamber pressure-resistant vessel.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be powered by aninternal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system containermay have a volume of sufficient to contain at least 1 gallon of liquidelectrolyte. In certain embodiments, for example, the volume of thesecond chamber may be greater than the volume of the first chamber. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system container maybe adapted to be mounted in a fixed upright orientation onboard thevehicle.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis system. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may comprise afirst chamber containing plural electrolysis electrodes. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may comprise a secondchamber having a height H and a diameter D, the height H greater thanthe diameter D, the second chamber in fluid communication with the firstchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis systemmay comprise an elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured to passivelycommunicate (for example fluidly communication via buoyancy forces)liquid electrolyte and HHO gas between the first chamber and the secondchamber, the elongated dual-purpose nozzle defining an outlet disposedwithin the second chamber, the outlet characterized by a diameter d, thedual-purpose nozzle positioned to provide a liquid seal between thesecond chamber and the outlet under any orientation of the secondchamber when the second chamber contains liquid electrolyte to a heightof at least % H plus d.

In certain embodiments, for example, the diameter D may be in the rangeof 4-12 inches. In certain embodiments, for example, the diameter d maybe in the range of ⅜-1½ inches. In certain embodiments, for example, thesecond chamber may contain a vapor space having a height less than % Hminus d; and the distance from the outlet to a free surface of theliquid electrolyte may be less than at least d.

In certain embodiments, for example, the elongated dual-purpose nozzlemay be cylindrical. In certain embodiments, for example, the elongateddual-purpose nozzle may be centrally positioned relative to a centerlineof the first and second chambers. In certain embodiments, for example,the electrolysis system may be configured for passive transport of HHOgas from the first chamber to the second chamber via the elongateddual-purpose nozzle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system maycomprise a float switch in the second chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may beconfigured to prevent flow of electricity to the plural electrolysiselectrodes when the float switch is in a triggered position, for exampleclosed.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may have a volumeof less than 30% (for example in the range of 5-25%, in the range of5-15%, less than 25%, or less than 15%) of the volume of the secondchamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may be incommunication with at least one injector, the at least one injectorconfigured to deliver at least a portion of the supply of HHO gas to adiesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may be incommunication with a plurality of injectors, the plurality of injectorsconfigured to introduce at least a portion of the supply of HHO gas toat least one combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine.In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors maycomprise: i) a first injector configured to deliver a first portion ofthe supply of HHO gas to within 3 inches of a first combustion chamberinlet of a first combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine;ii) a second injector configured to deliver a second portion of thesupply of HHO gas to a second combustion chamber inlet of a secondcombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine; and iii) at leasta third injector configured to deliver at least a third portion of thesupply of HHO gas to at least a third combustion chamber inlet of atleast a third combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, a first injector may be configuredto deliver a first portion of the HHO gas during a portion of an intakestroke of a first combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylindercomprising the first combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, forexample, the portion of the intake stroke may be less than 50% of theintake stroke. In certain embodiments, for example, the during a portionof an intake stroke may be when the intake stroke is at an angle in therange of 0-40° from top-dead-center.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may be incommunication with a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger configured toreceive at least a portion of the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may be configured to receive an engineexhaust stream. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchangermay be configured to receive an engine coolant stream.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis system fora vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis systemmay comprise a first chamber containing an electrolysis generator, theelectrolysis generator adapted to provide an on-demand supply of HHO gasto an internal combustion engine, the internal combustion enginepositioned on the vehicle. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolysis system may comprise a second chamber in fluid communicationwith the first chamber, the second chamber configured to receive thesupply of HHO gas from the first chamber. In certain embodiments, forexample, the electrolysis system may comprise a rollover abatementsystem configured to seal off the HHO vapor from returning to the firstchamber from the second chamber in any orientation.

In certain embodiments, for example, the second chamber may have aliquid storage space provisioned to contain a quantity of a liquidelectrolyte and a vapor space provisioned to contain a portion of theon-demand supply of HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, therollover abatement system may comprise a nozzle, the nozzle providingfluid communication between the first chamber and a second chamber, thenozzle configured to maintain a liquid seal over the first chamber underany orientation of the first chamber and/or the second chamber. Incertain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may be in fixed relationwith the first and second chambers. In certain embodiments, for example,the nozzle may be an elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured topassively communicate liquid electrolyte and HHO gas between the firstchamber and the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, theelongated dual-purpose nozzle may define an outlet disposed within thesecond chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may bein fixed relation with the first and second chambers. In certainembodiments, for example, the nozzle may be a gooseneck nozzle. Incertain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may be integral with amiddle plate, the middle plate separating the first and second chambers.In certain embodiments, for example, the liquid seal may preventtransfer of vapor from second chamber to the first chamber under anyorientation of the first and/or second chamber. In certain embodiments,for example, the liquid seal may prevent transfer of gas from the secondchamber into the first chamber under ordinary operation of the vehicle.In certain embodiments, for example, the liquid seal may preventtransfer of gas from the second chamber into the first chamber if thevehicle rolls over.

In certain embodiments, for example, the rollover abatement system maybe passive (for example may have no moving parts, or may have nomechanically actuated parts). In certain embodiments, for example, therollover abatement system may be unpowered.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber and the secondchamber may be in fixed relation. In certain embodiments, for example,the first chamber and the second chamber may be defined by adual-chamber pressure-resistant vessel. In certain embodiments, forexample, the volume of the second chamber may be greater than the volumeof the first chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maybe adapted to power the vehicle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may have avolume of sufficient to contain at least 1 gallon of liquid electrolyte.In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may beadapted to be mounted in a fixed upright orientation onboard thevehicle.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis system. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may comprise afirst chamber containing plural electrolysis electrodes. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may comprise a secondchamber having a height H and a diameter D, the height H greater thanthe diameter D, the second chamber in fluid communication with the firstchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis systemmay comprise an elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured to passivelycommunicate (for example fluidly communication via buoyancy forces) (orcontinuously communicate) liquid electrolyte and HHO gas between thefirst chamber and the second chamber, the elongated dual-purpose nozzledefining an outlet disposed within the second chamber, the outletcharacterized by a diameter d, the dual-purpose nozzle positioned toprovide a liquid seal between the second chamber and the outlet underany orientation of the second chamber when the second chamber containsliquid electrolyte to a height of at least % H plus d.

In certain embodiments, for example, the diameter D may be in the rangeof 4-12 inches. In certain embodiments, for example, the diameter d maybe in the range of ⅜-1½ inches. In certain embodiments, for example, thesecond chamber may contain a vapor space having a height less than % Hminus d; and the distance from the outlet to a free surface of theliquid electrolyte is less than at least d. In certain embodiments, forexample, the ratio of H to D may be in the range of 1-3, in the range of1-2, in the range of 1-1.5, in the range of 1-1.4, in the range of1.2-1.75, in the range of 1.2-1.4, or the ratio of H to D may be in therange of 1.25-1.35. In certain embodiments, for example, the ratio of dto D may be in the range of 1/16-⅓, in the range of ⅛-¼, or the ratio ofd to D may be in the range of 1/7-⅕.

In certain embodiments, for example, the elongated dual-purpose nozzlemay be cylindrical. In certain embodiments, for example, the elongateddual-purpose nozzle may be centrally positioned relative to a centerlineof the first and second chambers.

In certain embodiments, for example the electrolysis system may beconfigured for passive transport of HHO gas from the first chamber tothe second chamber via the elongated dual-purpose nozzle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may furthercomprise a float switch in the second chamber. In certain embodiments,for example, the electrolysis system may be configured to prevent flowof electricity to the plural electrolysis electrodes when the floatswitch is in a triggered position.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may have a volumeof less than 50% (for example less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than15%) of the volume of the second chamber.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis system fora vehicle, comprising: i) a first chamber containing an electrolysisgenerator, the electrolysis generator adapted to provide an on-demandsupply of HHO gas to an internal combustion engine, the internalcombustion engine positioned on the vehicle; ii) a second chamber influid communication with the first chamber, the second chamberconfigured to receive the supply of HHO gas from the first chamber; andiii) a rollover abatement system configured to seal off the HHO vaporfrom returning to the first chamber from the second chamber in anyorientation.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis systemcomprising: i) a first chamber containing plural electrolysiselectrodes; ii) a second chamber having a height H and a diameter D, theheight H greater than the diameter D, the second chamber in fluidcommunication with the first chamber; and iii) an elongated dual-purposenozzle configured to passively communicate (for example fluidlycommunication via buoyancy forces) liquid electrolyte and HHO gasbetween the first chamber and the second chamber, the elongateddual-purpose nozzle defining an outlet disposed within the secondchamber, the outlet characterized by a diameter d, the dual-purposenozzle positioned to provide a liquid seal between the second chamberand the outlet under any orientation of the second chamber when thesecond chamber contains liquid electrolyte to a height of at least ½ Hplus d.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an abatement system for anelectrolysis unit onboard a vehicle, comprising: a container having apartition between an electrolysis chamber and an HHO gas collectionchamber, the partition comprising a valve-free orifice, the electrolysischamber configured to house a plurality of electrodes, the systemeffective to maintain the plurality of electrodes immersed in a liquidelectrolyte throughout all orientations of the container when a liquidlevel is filled to at least the indicated minimum liquid level.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis systemcontainer for a vehicle, comprising: i) a first chamber of the containercontaining an electrolysis generator, the electrolysis generatorconfigured to produce HHO gas; ii) a second chamber of the container influid communication with the first chamber, the second chamberconfigured to receive and store HHO gas from the first chamber; and iii)a rollover abatement system configured to seal off HHO gas fromreturning to the first chamber from the second chamber under anyorientation of the container.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis system. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis system may comprise:i) a first chamber containing plural electrolysis electrodes; ii) asecond chamber having a height H and a diameter D, the height H greaterthan the diameter D, the second chamber in fluid communication with thefirst chamber; and iii) an elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured topassively communicate (for example fluidly communication via buoyancyforces) liquid electrolyte and HHO gas between the first chamber and thesecond chamber, the elongated dual-purpose nozzle defining an outletdisposed within the second chamber, the outlet characterized by adiameter d, the dual-purpose nozzle positioned to provide a liquid sealbetween the second chamber and the outlet under any orientation of thesecond chamber when the second chamber contains liquid electrolyte to aheight of at least ½ H plus d.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, the methodcomprising combusting (or configuring the internal combustion engine tocombust) a quantity of carbonaceous fuel in at least one combustionchamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence of an ultralow quantity of HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the increased carbonaceous fueleconomy may be measured as a percentage increase in work performed perunit of carbonaceous fuel (for example when an internal combustionengine is used to power an automobile the increased carbonaceous fueleconomy may be measured as a percentage increase in the miles traveledper gallon of carbonaceous fuel combusted (for example gasoline fuel,diesel fuel, or bio to fuel)). The improvement in fuel economy may berelative to the internal combustion engine running under identical orsubstantially identical conditions (for example, taking into accountengine load, average engine load, run-time, average run-time,temperature, average temperature, speed, average speed, rpm's, averagerpm's, acceleration, average acceleration and/or type of primary fuel)without HHO gas. According to such a measure, for example, the methodmay increase carbonaceous fuel economy by at least 1% (for exampleincrease the miles per gallon by at least 1%) compared to combusting thequantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas, for example by at least 2%, at least 3%, at least4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 18%, at least 20%,at least 25%, at least 28%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or the methodmay increase carbonaceous fuel economy by at least 40% compared tocombusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of theultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may increase carbonaceous fuel economy by in the range of 1 to50% compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without thepresence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example by in therange of 5 to 25%, in the range of 5 to 20%, in the range of 5 to 15%,in the range of 10 to 20%, in the range of 15 to 25%, in the range of 1to 5%, in the range of 5 to 10%, in the range of 5 to 25%, in the rangeof 7 to 12%, in the range of 10 to 20%, in the range of 18 to 28%, inthe range of 20 to 25%, in the range of 20 to 30%, in the range of 20 to50%, in the range of 30 to 35%, in the range of 30 to 38%, in the rangeof 40 to 50%, in the range of 40 to 45%, in the range of 44 to 50%, orthe method may increase carbonaceous fuel economy by in the range of 20to 30% compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel withoutthe presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas.

Other measures of carbonaceous fuel economy are contemplated herein. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may beused in an electric generator. In certain further embodiments, forexample, the carbonaceous fuel economy may be measured as a percentagereduction in the carbonaceous fuel consumption per unit of workperformed by the generator, for example the percentage reduction in thegallons of carbonaceous fuel consumed per kilowatt to hour. According tosuch a measure, for example, the method may reduce carbonaceous fuelconsumption per unit of work performed by at least 1% (for examplereduce the gallons of carbonaceous fuel consumed per kilowatt to hour byat least 1%) compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuelwithout the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, for exampleby at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, atleast 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, atleast 40%, at least 45%, or the method may reduce carbonaceous fuelconsumption per unit of work performed by at least 50% compared tocombusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of theultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may reduce carbonaceous fuel consumption per unit of workperformed by in the range of 1 to 50% compared to combusting thequantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas, for example by in the range of 5 to 25%, in therange of 5 to 20%, in the range of 5 to 15%, in the range of 10 to 20%,in the range of 15 to 25%, or the method may reduce carbonaceous fuelconsumption per unit of work performed by in the range of 20 to 30%compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without thepresence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce particulateemissions from the internal combustion engine by at least 1 wt. %compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without thepresence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example by at least2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%,at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, atleast 45%, or the method may reduce particulate emissions from theinternal combustion engine by at least 50 wt. % compared to combustingthe quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the method mayreduce particulate emissions from the internal combustion engine by inthe range of 1 to 50 wt. % compared to combusting the quantity ofcarbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHOgas, for example by in the range of 5 to 25%, in the range of 5 to 20%,in the range of 5 to 15%, in the range of 10 to 20%, in the range of 15to 25%, in the range of 1 to 5%, in the range of 5 to 10%, in the rangeof 5 to 25%, in the range of 7 to 12%, in the range of 10 to 20%, in therange of 15 to 25%, in the range of 20 to 25%, in the range of 20 to30%, in the range of 20 to 50%, in the range of 30 to 35%, in the rangeof 30 to 38%, in the range of 40 to 50%, in the range of 40 to 45%, inthe range of 44 to 50%, or the method may reduce particulate emissionsfrom the internal combustion engine by in the range of 20 to 30 wt. %compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without thepresence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may reduce soot emissions from the internalcombustion engine by at least 1 wt. % compared to combusting thequantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas, for example by at least 2%, at least 3%, at least4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%,at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or the methodmay reduce soot emissions from the internal combustion engine by atleast 50 wt. % compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuelwithout the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certainembodiments, for example, the method may reduce soot emissions from theinternal combustion engine by in the range of 1 to 50 wt. % compared tocombusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of theultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example by in the range of 5 to 25%,in the range of 5 to 20%, in the range of 5 to 15%, in the range of 10to 20%, in the range of 15 to 25%, in the range of 1 to 5%, in the rangeof 5 to 10%, in the range of 5 to 25%, in the range of 7 to 12%, in therange of 10 to 20%, in the range of 15 to 25%, in the range of 20 to25%, in the range of 20 to 30%, in the range of 20 to 50%, in the rangeof 30 to 35%, in the range of 30 to 38%, in the range of 40 to 50%, inthe range of 40 to 45%, in the range of 44 to 50%, or the method mayreduce soot emissions from the internal combustion engine by in therange of 20 to 30 wt. % compared to combusting the quantity ofcarbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHOgas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may reduce thetemperature of exhaust gases produced by the internal combustion engineby at least 10° F. compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceousfuel without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, forexample by at least 20° F., at least 30° F., at least 40° F., at least50° F., at least 80° F., or the method may reduce the temperature ofexhaust gases produced by the internal combustion engine by at least100° F. compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel withoutthe presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. The lower temperaturemay be relative to the internal combustion engine running underidentical or substantially identical conditions (for example, takinginto account engine load, average engine load, run-time, averagerun-time, temperature, average temperature, speed, average speed, rpm's,average rpm's, acceleration, average acceleration and/or type of primaryfuel) without HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the methodmay reduce the temperature of exhaust gases produced by the internalcombustion engine by in the range of 10 to 100° F. compared tocombusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of theultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example by in the range of 30 to 80°F., in the range of 40 to 80° F., in the range of 50 to 100° F., in therange of 50 to 80° F., or the method may reduce particulate emissionsproduced by the internal combustion engine by in the range of 80 to 100°F. compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without thepresence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maybe a gasoline engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may be a diesel engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the internal combustion engine may be a hybrid engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may bea biofuel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuelcombusted by the internal combustion engine may comprise a biofuel. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may bea flex fuel engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may be a hydrogen fuel engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the internal combustion engine may be a compressed naturalgas (CNG) engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may be a liquefied natural gas (LNG) engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may bean engine that consumes ethanol, methanol, ethanol blends or mixturesthereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustionengine may be a Sterling engine. In certain embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may be a rotary engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be anopposed-piston engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may be an engine on a bus, a commercial truck, anoff-road construction vehicle, an off-road heavy duty vehicle, adelivery vehicle, a line haul vehicle, construction and industrialequipment, auxiliary power equipment, refrigeration equipment, anairplane, a residential generator, a commercial generator. In certainembodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be a marineengine or a mine haul engine. In certain embodiments, for example, theinternal combustion engine may be a turbine engine or a jet engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayhave in the range of 1 to 200 liters of displacement, for example, inthe range of 80 to 130 liters of displacement, in the range of 4 to 30liters of displacement, in the range of 8 to 32 liters of displacement,in the range of 10 to 24 liters of displacement, in the range of 8 to 18liters of displacement, or the internal combustion engine may have inthe range of 12 to 16 liters of displacement.

In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gasmay be no more than a catalytic quantity of HHO gas. In certainembodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces ofan aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revolutions ofthe internal combustion engine per liter of displacement (of the totalcombustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example lessthan 1.75 ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces, less than 0.5 ounces, or the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solutionper 10,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engineper liter displacement of the at least one combustion chamber. Incertain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas maybe the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaftrevolutions of the internal combustion engine per liter displacement (ofthe total combustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), forexample less than 1.75 ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25ounces, less than 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces, less than 0.5 ounces,or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gasformed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at least onecombustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of less than 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solutionper 30,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engineper liter displacement (of the total combustion chambers being treatedwith the HHO gas), for example less than 1.75 ounces, less than 1.5ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces,less than 0.5 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ouncesof an aqueous electrolyte solution per 30,000,000 crankshaft revolutionsof the internal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at leastone combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the ultralow quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement (of the totalcombustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example in therange of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in therange of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in therange of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultralow quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at least onecombustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement (of the totalcombustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example in therange of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in therange of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in therange of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultralow quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at least onecombustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 30,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement (of the totalcombustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example in therange of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in therange of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in therange of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultralow quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 30,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of theinternal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at least onecombustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces ofaqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based onoperation of the internal combustion engine under simulated drivingconditions. In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based operation of theinternal combustion engine under controlled test conditions. In certainembodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solutionelectrolyzed may be computed based on ordinary operation of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces ofaqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may an average valuedetermined from one or more of the foregoing operating conditions.

In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gasmay be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in therange of 2 to 10 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine perliter displacement (of the total combustion chambers being treated withthe HHO gas), for example in the range of 2 to 6 ounces, in the range of4 to 10 ounces, in the range of 2.75 to 4 ounces, in the range of 3 to 4ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of theHHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the range of 3 to 3.5 ounces of anaqueous electrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions ofthe internal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at leastone combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the ouncesof aqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based onoperation of the internal combustion engine under simulated drivingconditions. In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based operation of theinternal combustion engine under controlled test conditions. In certainembodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solutionelectrolyzed may be computed based on ordinary operation of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces ofaqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may an average valuedetermined from one or more of the foregoing operating conditions.

In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gasmay be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in therange of 2 to 10 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000miles driving distance of a vehicle powered by an internal combustionengine per liter displacement (of the total combustion chambers beingtreated with the HHO gas), for example in the range of 2 to 6 ounces, inthe range of 4 to 10 ounces, in the range of 2.75 to 4 ounces, in therange of 3 to 4 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the range of 3 to3.5 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles drivingdistance of a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine per literdisplacement (of the total combustion chambers being treated with theHHO gas). In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based on operation ofthe internal combustion engine under simulated driving conditions. Incertain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolytesolution electrolyzed may be computed based operation of the internalcombustion engine under controlled test conditions. In certainembodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solutionelectrolyzed may be computed based on ordinary operation of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces ofaqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may an average valuedetermined from one or more of the foregoing operating conditions.

In certain embodiments, for example, the quantity of HHO formed byelectrolysis and/or consumed by an internal combustion engine having 13liters of displacement may be the quantity formed by electrolysis of inthe range of 0.5-1 gallons of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 100hours of operation at full load. In certain embodiments, for example,the quantity of HHO formed by electrolysis and/or consumed by aninternal combustion engine powering a vehicle and having 13 liters ofdisplacement may be the quantity formed by electrolysis of in the rangeof 0.25-0.75 gallons of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 milestraveling distance of the vehicle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the quantity of HHO formed byelectrolysis and/or consumed by an internal combustion engine may be thequantity formed by electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces (forexample in the range of 5-9 ounces) of an aqueous electrolyte solutionper liter of engine displacement per 100 hours of operation at full load(or 20% of rated maximum load or 50% of rated maximum load). In certainembodiments, for example, the quantity of HHO formed by electrolysisand/or consumed by an internal combustion engine powering a vehicle andhaving 13 liters of displacement may be the quantity formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.25-0.75 gallons of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 10,000 miles traveling distance of the vehicle.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingvehicle carbonaceous fuel economy, the vehicle powered by an internalcombustion engine, comprising combusting (or configuring the vehicle tocombust) a quantity carbonaceous fuel in at least one combustion chamberof the internal combustion engine in the presence of an ultra lowquantity of HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gasmay be no more than a catalytic quantity of HHO gas. In certainembodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces ofan aqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement (of the total combustion chambers being treated with theHHO gas), for example less than 1.75 ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, lessthan 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces, less than0.5 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity ofthe HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of anaqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement of the at least one combustion chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces ofan aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement (of the total combustion chambers being treated with theHHO gas), for example less than 1.75 ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, lessthan 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces, less than0.5 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity ofthe HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of anaqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement of the at least one combustion chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces ofan aqueous electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement (of the total combustion chambers being treated with theHHO gas), for example less than 1.75 ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, lessthan 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces, less than0.5 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity ofthe HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of anaqueous electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement of the at least one combustion chamber. In certainembodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be thequantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles of drivingper liter displacement (of the total combustion chambers being treatedwith the HHO gas), for example in the range of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, inthe range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, inthe range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in therange of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may bethe quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the range of0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles ofdriving per liter displacement of the at least one combustion chamber.In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gasmay be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in therange of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000miles of driving per liter displacement (of the total combustionchambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example in the range of0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in the range of1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultra lowquantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 10,000 miles of driving per liter displacementof the at least one combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, forexample, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of theHHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of anaqueous electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per literdisplacement of the at least one combustion chamber, for example in therange of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in therange of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in therange of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultralow quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed byelectrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueouselectrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per liter displacement(of the total combustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas). Incertain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolytesolution electrolyzed may be computed based on simulated driving data(for example simulated highway driving data). In certain embodiments,for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed maybe computed based on driving under controlled test conditions. Incertain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolytesolution electrolyzed may be computed based on monitored driving data.In certain embodiments, for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolytesolution electrolyzed may an average value determined from one or moreof the foregoing types of driving data.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprisingcombusting (or configuring the internal combustion engine to combust) aquantity of carbonaceous fuel in the presence of less than 250 ppm HHOgas relative to the weight of the carbonaceous fuel combusted, forexample less than 200 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 125 ppm, lessthan 100 ppm, less than 90 ppm, less than 80 ppm, less than 75 ppm, lessthan 70 ppm, less than 65 ppm, less than 60 ppm, less than 58 ppm, lessthan 57 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 30 ppm, lessthan 25 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 15 ppm, less than 10 ppm, orcombusting (or configuring the internal combustion engine to combust) aquantity of carbonaceous fuel in the presence of less than 6 ppm HHO gasrelative to the weight of the carbonaceous fuel combusted. In certainembodiments, for example, the quantity of HHO gas may be in the range of10-150 ppm relative to the weight of the carbonaceous fuel, for examplein the range of 20-100 ppm, in the range of 25-75 ppm, in the range of30-60 ppm, or the quantity of HHO gas may be in the range of 50-60 ppmrelative to the weight of the carbonaceous fuel combusted.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for producing HHOgas for use by an internal combustion engine, the method comprising:forming HHO gas from an aqueous electrolyte solution in an electrolysisunit, passively transporting the formed HHO gas to a vapor space in anaqueous electrolyte solution replenishment reservoir contained in theelectrolysis unit, and storing a supply of the HHO gas in the vaporspace. In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure of the vaporspace may be 80 psig or less, 60 psig or less, for example 55 psig orless, 50 psig or less, 48 psig or less, 45 psig or less, or the pressuremay be 40 psig or less. In certain embodiments, for example, thepressure may be in the range of (for example may have a fixed value inthe range or may fluctuate in the range of) 25-100 psig, for example, inthe range of 40-80 psig, in the range of 40-60 psig, in the range of45-55 psig, or the pressure may be in the range of 48-50 psig. Incertain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may have a temperatureof less than 180° F. and a pressure in the range of 40-80 psig, forexample a temperature of less than 150° F. and a pressure in the rangeof 45-70 psig, a temperature of less than 125° F. and a pressure in therange of 45-55 psig, a temperature of less than 125° F. and a pressurein the range of 48-50 psig, a temperature of less than 125° F. and apressure in the range of 45-55 psig or the vapor space may have atemperature of less than 100° F. and a pressure in the range of 45-55psig or 48-50 psig.

In certain embodiments, for example, the aqueous electrolyte may bemaintained and/or controlled at a temperature in the range of 90-120°F., for example at a temperature in the range of 95-120° F., at atemperature in the range of 100-115° F., or the aqueous electrolyte maybe maintained and/or controlled at a temperature in the range of100-110° F. In certain embodiments, for example, a power supply to theelectrolysis unit may be adjusted (for example, interrupted or resumed)to control the temperature of the aqueous electrolyte at a temperaturein the range of 90-120° F., for example at a temperature in the range of95-120° F., at a temperature in the range of 100-115° F., or a powersupply to the electrolysis unit may be adjusted (for example,interrupted or resumed) to control the temperature of the aqueouselectrolyte at a temperature in the range of 100-110° F. In certainembodiments, for example, a power supply to the electrolysis unit may beadjusted (for example, interrupted or resumed) to control thetemperature of the aqueous electrolyte at a temperature in the range of100-110° F. and a pressure in the vapor space in in the range of 45-50psig.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may store less thana 1 hour supply of the formed HHO gas for use by the internal combustionengine, for example less than a 45 minute supply, less than a 30 minutesupply, less than a 20 minute supply, less than a 10 minute supply, lessthan a 5 minute supply, less than a 4 minute supply, less than a 3minute supply, less than a 2 minute supply, less than a 1 minute supply,less than a 45 second supply, less than a 30 second supply, less than a15 second supply, or the vapor space may store less than a 10 secondsupply of the formed HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, thevapor space may store at least a 1 second supply of the formed HHO gasfor use by the internal combustion engine, for example at least a 5second supply, at least a 5 second supply, at least a 10 second supply,at least a 30 second supply, at least a 1 minute supply, at least a 2minute supply, at least a 3 minute supply, at least a 5 minute supply,at least a 7 minute supply, at least a 10 minute supply, at least a 20minute supply, at least a 30 minute supply, or the vapor space may storeat least a 1 hour supply of the formed HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may store in therange of a 1 second-3 hour supply of the formed HHO gas for use by theinternal combustion engine, for example in the range of a 1-5 secondsupply, in the range of a 5-10 second supply, in the range of a 10-30second supply, in the range of a 30-60 second supply, in the range of a1-2 minute supply, in the range of a 2-4 minute supply, in the range ofa 4-5 minute supply, in the range of a 5-10 minute supply, in the rangeof a 10-20 minute supply, in the range of a 20-30 minute supply, in therange of a 30-45 minute supply, in the range of a 45-60 minute supply,or the vapor space may store in the range of a 1-3 hour supply of theformed HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may store less thana 48,000 crankshaft revolutions supply of the formed HHO gas for use bythe internal combustion engine, for example less than a 36,000crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 24,000 crankshaft revolutionssupply, less than a 16,000 crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 10minute crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 4,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply, less than a 3,200 crankshaft revolutions supply,less than a 2,400 crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 1,600crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 800 crankshaft revolutionssupply, less than a 700 crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 400crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 200 crankshaft revolutionssupply, or the vapor space may store less than a 134 crankshaftrevolutions supply of the formed HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, the vapor space may store at least a 13 crankshaft revolutionssupply of the formed HHO gas for use by the internal combustion engine,for example at least a 66 crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 133crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 400 crankshaft revolutionssupply, at least a 800 crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 1,600crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 2,400 crankshaft revolutionssupply, at least a 4,000 crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 5,600crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 8,000 crankshaft revolutionssupply, at least a 16,000 crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a24,000 crankshaft revolutions supply, or the vapor space may store atleast a 48,000 crankshaft revolutions supply of the formed HHO gas. Incertain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may store in the rangeof a 13-144,000 crankshaft revolutions supply of the formed HHO gas foruse by the internal combustion engine, for example in the range of a13-67 crankshaft revolutions supply, in the range of a 66-133 crankshaftrevolutions supply, in the range of a 133-400 crankshaft revolutionssupply, in the range of a 400-800 crankshaft revolutions supply, in therange of a 800-1,600 crankshaft revolutions supply, in the range of a1,600-3,200 crankshaft revolutions supply, in the range of a 3,200-4,000crankshaft revolutions supply, in the range of a 4,000-8,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply, in the range of a 8,000-16,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply, in the range of a 16,000-24,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply, in the range of a 24,000-36,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply, in the range of a 36,000-48,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply, or the vapor space may store in the range of a48,000-144,000 crankshaft revolutions supply of the formed HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space may comprise lessthan 40% of the volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution replacementreservoir, for example less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, lessthan 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, or the vapor spacemay comprise less than 2% of the volume of the aqueous electrolytesolution replacement reservoir. In certain embodiments, for example, thevapor space may comprise at least 2% of the volume of the aqueouselectrolyte solution replacement reservoir, for example at least 5%, atleast 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, atleast 35%, or the vapor space may comprise at least 40% of the volume ofthe aqueous electrolyte solution replacement reservoir. In certainembodiments, for example, the vapor space may comprise in the range of2-40% of the volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution replacementreservoir, for example in the range of 2-10%, in the range of 10-30%, inthe range of 10-20%, in the range of 20-25%, in the range of 25-30%, inthe range of 30-35%, in the range of 35.40%, or the vapor space maycomprise in the range of 2-15% of the volume of the aqueous electrolytesolution replacement reservoir.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis cellcomprising: a pressure-resistant container comprising a first definedspace for holding an aqueous electrolyte solution, a plurality ofelectrolysis plates (also referred to as electrode plates) retainedwithin the first defined space, and a second defined space for holding agas. In certain embodiments, for example, the volume of the seconddefined space may be equal to or greater than (for example the same as)the volume of the first defined space. In certain embodiments, forexample, the volume of the second defined space may be equal to orslightly less (for example, at least 35%) of the volume of the firstdefined space. In certain embodiments, for example steady stateapplications, the volume of the second defined space may be a fraction(for example, less than 15%) of the volume of the first defined space.In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instanceall) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the otherembodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, thepressure-resistant container may be capable of maintaining a pressure inexcess of 100 psi (for example in excess of 150 psi or in excess of 200psi). In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell mayfurther comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when apressure of gas inside the container exceeds 80 psi (for example whenthe pressure of the gas exceeds 125 psi or in excess of 150 psi).

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant containermay further comprise a positive terminal, a negative terminal, a gasoutlet, an electrolyte solution fill port and/or a drain port andoptionally sensor, switch and/or safety device ports. In certainembodiments, for example, the positive terminal may be connected to atleast one of the plurality of electrolysis plates, and the negativeterminal may be connected to at least another one (or at least one platedifferent than any of the at least one plates that the positive terminalis connected to) of the plurality of electrolysis plates. In certainembodiments, for example, the positive terminal may provide anelectrical connection to one of the plurality of plates from aconnection point outside the container. In certain embodiments, forexample, the negative terminal may provide an electrical connection toone of the plurality of plates from a connection point outside thecontainer. In certain embodiments, for example, the positive terminaland the negative terminal may be in electrical and/or electrochemicalcommunication predominately (for example, greater than 85%, greater than90%, greater than 95%, or greater than 98% of the current flowingbetween the terminals) flows through the plurality of plates. In certainembodiments, for example, the plurality of plates may be configured as astack of approximately parallel plates in fixed relation comprising twoend plates and remaining plates spaced an approximately equal distancebetween adjacent plates. In certain further embodiments, for example,the positive terminal may be attached to one of the end plates and thenegative terminal may be attached to the other of the end plates. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the positive terminal may beattached to at least one interior plate and the negative terminal may beattached to at least one or two exterior plates, and vice versa. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the positive terminal may beattached to several plates, for example every other plate, and thenegative terminal may be attached to several other plates, for exampleevery other of the other plates, in an alternating fashion (for example,+/−/+/−/+/− fashion). In certain embodiments, for example, the pluralityof electrolysis plates may be fully immersed (or at least 50% immersed)in the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, theplurality of plates may be at least partially insulated to reduce (forexample by at least 50% or at least 95%) or prevent directelectrochemical communication expressed as Watts of energy transferredbetween non-adjacent plates without first undergoing electrochemicalcommunication with at least one adjacent plate.

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant containermay contain sufficient aqueous electrolyte solution to provide aninternal combustion engine with sufficient HHO gas for at least 500hours of operation, for example at least 680 hours, at least at least1300 hours, at least 2000 hours, at least 2500 hours, or thepressure-resistant container may contain sufficient aqueous electrolytesolution to provide an internal combustion engine with sufficient HHOgas for at least 5000 hours.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may beinstalled onboard an automotive vehicle. In certain further embodiments,for example, the pressure-resistant container may contain sufficientaqueous electrolyte solution to provide an internal combustion enginewith sufficient HHO gas for at least 10,000 miles of operation of theautomotive vehicle, for example at least 25,000 miles, at least 50,000miles, at least 100,000 miles, at least 250,000 miles, at least 500,000files, at least 750,000 miles, or the pressure-resistant container maycontain sufficient aqueous electrolyte solution to provide an internalcombustion engine with sufficient HHO gas for at least 1,000,000 miles.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis plates maycomprise between 5 and 15 plates (for example 7-12 plates). In certainembodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may havea thickness of 0.5-4 mm, for example 1-2 mm. In certain embodiments, forexample, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be separated by adistance in the range of 0.5-8 mm from one another (for example 0.5-1.5mm of separation). In certain embodiments, for example, at least two ofthe plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise a point for attachingto at least one electrode. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolysis cell may further comprise a slot for securing at least oneof the plurality of electrodes. In certain embodiments, for example, atleast a portion of at least one surface of at least one of the pluralityof electrolysis plates may comprise (for example be coated with) a highconductivity material, for example platinum or a platinum-containingalloy. In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of atleast one surface of at least one of the plurality of electrolysisplates may be coated with titanium or a titanium-containing alloy. Incertain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of at least onesurface of at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may becoated with iridium or an iridium-containing alloy. In certainembodiments, for example, at least one of the plurality of electrolysisplates (for example inclusive of all of the electrolysis plates) maycomprise at least one hole. In certain embodiments, for example, theplurality of electrolysis plates may be arranged such that the holes ofeach pair of adjacent plates are not aligned. In certain embodiments,for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be arranged suchthat the holes of each pair of adjacent plates may be located inopposite corners. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysiscell may further comprise an electrical isolator between each pair ofadjacent plates of the plurality of electrolysis plates.

In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysisplates may be electrically insulated from the pressure-resistantcontainer. In certain embodiments, for example, the interior of thepressure-resistant container may comprise an electric insulator (forexample, and electrically insulating coating). In certain embodiments,for example, an inner lining of the pressure-resistant container maycomprise an electric insulator.

In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have avolume of at least one quart (for example at least 1 gallon). In certainembodiments, for example, the second defined space may have a volume ofno more than 10 gallons (for example no more than 5 gallons). In certainembodiments, for example, the second defined space may be in directfluid communication with the pressure relief valve.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may furthercomprise a heat exchanger in communication with, integral to, orconnected to the gas outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, thepressure-resistant container may further comprise a housing. In certainembodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may furthercomprise a seal capable of preventing leakage of the electrolytesolution and the gas from the container.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may beconfigured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply asufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 1 month (for example at least2 months) of operation of the host engine (i.e., the engine or enginesit is supplying second fuel to). In certain embodiments, for example,the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume ofelectrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 30,000miles of driving or 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations. In certainembodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured tohold at least 1-quart, ½-gallon, or 1-gallon of electrolyte solution. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprisean aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration of electrolyte ofless than 2 percent by volume.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providingHHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysiscell for generating the HHO gas, and a plurality of HHO gas controlvalves (for example a plurality of injectors) configured to deliver theHHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustionengine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including forinstance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of theother embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,the plurality of injectors may comprise a number of injectors at leastequal to a number of a plurality of engine cylinders. In certainembodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors may be designed todeliver the HHO gas within an intake manifold of the engine (i.e. theHHO gas is not mixed or does not come into contact with intake air untilit is released from the tube (or lance) connected to the respectiveinjector). In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality ofinjectors may deliver HHO gas within 3 inches (for example within 0.5inches) from each intake port (or orifice of the intake valve) of aplurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, theplurality of injectors may be positioned, configured, equipped, and/ordesigned to directly inject into the combustion chamber (in a fashionsimilar or the same as the primary fuel is injected into the combustionchamber in some applications). In certain embodiments, for example, atleast one of the plurality of injectors may be positioned adjacent to atleast one of the plurality of engine cylinders, at least a secondinjector of the plurality of injectors may be positioned adjacent to atleast a second cylinder of the plurality of engine cylinders, and atleast a third injector of the plurality of injectors may be positionedadjacent to at least a third cylinder of the plurality of enginecylinders In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality ofinjectors may be equipped with a lance that extends from the outlet endof the respective injector to a position proximate an intake port of acylinder. The lances serve to deliver the HHO gas deep into the intakeport near (for example, within 3 inches, or within 2 inches or between0.5 to 2 inches or less than 1 inch from) an orifice of the intakevalve. In certain embodiments, for example, the lance may deliverair-free HHO gas into the intake port. In certain further embodiments,for example, the HHO gas present in the lance may be air-free (or atleast substantially air-free). In certain embodiments, for example,air-free (or substantially air-free) HHO gas provided by an injector maymix with air inside a portion of the lance.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method to increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising:introducing a quantity of HHO gas into an intake port of a combustionchamber of the internal combustion engine at an angle in the range of−75 to 75° relative to a centerline of the combustion chamber, forexample in the range of −5 to 5°, 5 to 10°, in the range of 10 to 20°,in the range of 20 to 30°, in the range of 30 to 40°, in the range of 40to 50°, in the range of 50 to 60°, in the range of 60 to 75°, in therange of 20 to 60°, in the range of 25 to 50°, in the range of 30 to45°, in the range of 35 to 60°, −5 to −10°, in the range of −10 to −20°,in the range of −20 to −30°, in the range of −30 to −40°, in the rangeof −40 to −50°, in the range of −50 to −60°, in the range of −60 to−75°, in the range of −20 to −60°, in the range of −25 to −50°, in therange of −30 to −45°, in the range of −35 to −60°, in the range of −35to −55°, or introducing a quantity of HHO gas into an intake port of acombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine at an angle in therange of 35 to 55° relative to a centerline of the combustion chamber.In certain embodiments, for example, the method may further comprise:introducing a quantity of HHO gas into an intake port of a combustionchamber of the internal combustion engine at an angle in the range of−75 to 75° relative to a centerline of the intake port, for example inthe range of −5 to 5°, 5 to 10°, in the range of 10 to 20°, in the rangeof 20 to 30°, in the range of 30 to 40°, in the range of 40 to 50°, inthe range of 50 to 60°, in the range of 60 to 75°, in the range of 20 to60°, in the range of 25 to 50°, in the range of 30 to 45°, in the rangeof 35 to 60°, −5 to −10°, in the range of −10 to −20°, in the range of−20 to −30°, in the range of −30 to −40°, in the range of −40 to −50°,in the range of −50 to −60°, in the range of −60 to −75°, in the rangeof −20 to −60°, in the range of −25 to −50°, in the range of −30 to−45°, in the range of −35 to −60°, in the range of −35 to −55°, orintroducing a quantity of HHO gas into an intake port of a combustionchamber of the internal combustion engine at an angle in the range of 35to 55° relative to a centerline of the intake port. In certainembodiments, for example, one or more of the lances may be configured toprovide the foregoing angle of introduction.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising:delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream of oxygen-containing gas toa combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an angle inthe range of 5 to 35° from top-dead-center, for example at an angle inthe range of 5 to 8°, in the range of 8 to 10°, in the range of 10 to12°, in the range of 12 to 14°, in the range of 14-20°, in the range of20-30°, or delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream ofoxygen-containing gas to a combustion cylinder of the internalcombustion engine at an angle in the range of 30 to 35°.

In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may have for examplefrom 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas distribution system may have acorresponding number of injectors to service each of the cylinders (forexample, an 8 cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors(one positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for eachcylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors (two positioned to feed HHO gas intothe respective intake port for each injector).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising:delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream of oxygen-containing gas toa combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an angle inthe range of 90 to 180° from top-dead-center, for example at an angle inthe range of 120 to 180°, in the range of 150 to 180°, in the range of150 to 178°, in the range of 160 to 178°, in the range of 100-160°, inthe range of 170-180°, or delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a streamof oxygen-containing gas to a combustion cylinder of the internalcombustion engine at an angle in the range of 175 to 180° fromtop-dead-center.

In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may have for examplefrom 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas distribution system may have acorresponding number of injectors to service each of the cylinders (forexample, an 8 cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors(one positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for eachcylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors (two positioned to feed HHO gas intothe respective intake port for each injector).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingcarbonaceous fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising:delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream of oxygen-containing gas toa combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an angle ofat least 90° from top-dead-center, for example at an angle of at least125°, at least 150°, or delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream ofoxygen-containing gas to a combustion cylinder of the internalcombustion engine at an angle of at least 170°.

In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may have for examplefrom 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas distribution system may have acorresponding number of injectors to service each of the cylinders (forexample, an 8 cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors(one positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for eachcylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors (two positioned to feed HHO gas intothe respective intake port for each injector).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providingHHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysiscell for generating the HHO gas, and a flow regulator configured tostart and stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to aplurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of thefollowing embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments orparts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus mayfurther comprise a gas pressure regulator. In certain embodiments, forexample, the gas pressure regulator may control the gas pressure at anoutlet port. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus mayfurther comprise a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example,the heat exchanger may provide at least two separate fluid paths,wherein the at least two separate fluid paths may be in thermalcommunication. In certain further embodiments, for example, at least oneof the at least two separate fluid paths may be configured to receive anengine coolant. In certain embodiments, for example, at least one of theat least two separate fluid paths may be configured to receive at leasta portion of the gas generated from the electrolysis cell. In certainembodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may control the outlettemperature of gas exiting an outlet port. In certain embodiments, forexample, the gas pressure regulator may be equipped with a heatexchanger (for example the foregoing heat exchanger). In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator may control theoutlet pressure and outlet temperature of gas exiting an outlet port ofthe gas pressure regulator. In certain further embodiments, for example,the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have atemperature greater than 35° C. (for example greater than 45° C.). Incertain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas passing through theregulator may be cooled and/or heated by exchanging heat through theheat exchanger with engine coolant and therefore have a regulator exittemperature with plus or minus 10 degrees, for example ±5° C., of theengine coolant temperature. In certain embodiments, for example, use ofthe engine coolant to control the temperature of the HHO gas and/or useof the pressure regulator to control the pressure of the HHO gas mayallow pre-determined amounts of the HHO gas to be introduced to at leastone combustion chamber of a plurality of combustion chambers of theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, theaforesaid temperature and pressure control may provide more precisecontrol over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the internalcombustion engine in comparison to a system lacking said controls (forexample a traditional system for introducing electrolysis gases into aninternal combustion engine).

In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator pressuremay be at least partially controlled relative to an intake manifoldpressure (for example, 5-25 psi, or 10-15 psi higher than the airpressure in the intake manifold, downstream of a turbocharger) of theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gaspressure regulator may be at least partially controlled by pressurecommunicated from an intake manifold pressure of the internal combustionengine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulatormay be characterized by an opening pressure. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the opening pressure may be configured basedon the intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator pressuremay be at least partially controlled relative to an intake manifoldpressure (for example, 5-25 psi, or 5-15 psi, or 5-8 psi, or 10-15 psihigher than the air pressure in the intake manifold, downstream of aturbocharger). In certain further embodiments, for example, the intakemanifold pressure may vary based on and/or during the operation of theinternal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providingHHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysiscell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harnesscomprising a plurality of tubes (or lances) configured to deliver theHHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustionengine, for example a multi-point injection system. In certainembodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of thefollowing embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments orparts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the number of theplurality of lances may be equal to a number of a plurality of injectorsor at least one injector, including all the injectors, may be fittedwith multiple lances, for example, two or more lances configured toprovide two or more points or injection for a single cylinder and/orprovide multi-points of injection for multiple cylinders (for example,four injectors could each be fitted with, for example, two lances eachand the first injector could serve to inject HHO gas within the intakeport of the first and fourth cylinders of the host engine and,similarly, the second and third injectors could serve to inject HHO gaswithin the intake ports of the second and fifth cylinders, and the thirdand sixth cylinders, respectively. In certain embodiments, for example,at least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least oneoutlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of lances may compriseat least a second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality oflances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain embodiments, forexample, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (forexample between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air flow port of at least onecylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine,the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (forexample between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air flow port of at least asecond cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and at least a thirdoutlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example between 0.5 and1.5 inches) of an air flow port of at least a third cylinder of theplurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, the atleast one outlet may be positioned within 1 inch (for example within0.25 inches) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valveseats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outletmay be positioned within 1 inch (for example within 0.25 inches) of asecond engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and theat least a third outlet may be positioned within 1 inch (for examplewithin 0.25 inches) of a third engine valve seat of the plurality ofengine valve seats. In certain embodiments, for example, the at leastone outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example between 0.5and 1.5 inches) of an orifice of an air intake valve of at least onecylinder of the plurality of cylinders, the at least a second outlet maybe positioned within 3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches)of an orifice of an air intake valve of at least a second cylinder ofthe plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may bepositioned within 3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) ofan orifice of an air intake valve of at least a third cylinder of aplurality of cylinders.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel (for examplean HHO gas) system for an internal combustion engine, comprising: apressure-resistant container, a multi-point gas distribution systemcomprising a plurality of control valves to distribute separate portionsof the second fuel to multiple locations about the internal combustionengine, and a multi-point gas distribution control system that controlsthe plurality of control valves to control the amount and timing of thedelivery of the second fuel to the multiple locations about the internalcombustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, thepressure resistant container may comprise an electrolysis cellconfigured to generate a second fuel from an electrolyte solution, and astorage volume to hold a volume of the second fuel at a pressure greaterthan 40 psia. In certain further embodiments, for example, the at leastone of the multiple locations may comprise at least one air intakeorifice. In certain further embodiments, for example, the multi-pointgas distribution control system may be configured to deliver at least aportion of the second fuel in a timed sequence based on an intake stroketiming of the at least one air intake orifice. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, at least a second one of the at least one ofthe multiple locations may comprise at least one air intake orifice. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the multi-point gasdistribution control system may be further configured to deliver atleast a second portion of the second fuel in a timed sequence based onan intake stroke timing of the at least one air intake orifice of the atleast second one of the at least one of the multiple locations. Incertain alternative embodiments, for example, the timed sequences may bebatched (i.e., the second fuel may be delivered to groups of air intakeorifices without regard to the timing of the air intake stroke of anyone particular air intake orifice). In certain alternative embodiments,for example, the timing may be simultaneous (i.e., the second fuel maybe delivered to all air intake orifices simultaneously). In certainembodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distribution system may beconfigured to provide an average of less than 15 liters, for exampleless than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 liters, or forexample between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured at for example controltemperature and pressure or standard temperature and pressure) of thesecond fuel per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, multi-point gas distribution systemmay be configured to provide an average of less than 15 liters, forexample less than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 liters, orfor example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured at for example controltemperature and pressure or standard temperature and pressure) of thesecond fuel per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per100 hp average output of the host engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, multi-point gas distribution system may be configured toprovide an average of less than 15 liters, for example less than 10liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 liters, or for example between 0.1and 2 liters (as measured at for example control temperature andpressure or standard temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 200 hp averageoutput of the host engine. In certain embodiments, for example,multi-point gas distribution system may be configured to provide anaverage of less than 15 liters, for example less than 10 liters, forexample between 0.1 and 5 liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2liters (as measured at for example control temperature and pressure orstandard temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per 120,000crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 400 hp average output ofthe host engine. In certain embodiments, for example, multi-point gasdistribution system may be configured to provide an average of less than15 liters, for example less than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and5 liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured at forexample control temperature and pressure or standard temperature andpressure) of the second fuel per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of thehost engine per 800 hp average output of the host engine. In certainembodiments, for example, multi-point gas distribution system may beconfigured to provide an average of less than 15 liters, for exampleless than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 liters, or forexample between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured at for example controltemperature and pressure or standard temperature and pressure) of thesecond fuel per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per1400 hp average output of the host engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, multi-point gas distribution system may be configured toprovide an average of less than 15 liters, for example less than 10liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 liters, or for example between 0.1and 2 liters (as measured at for example control temperature andpressure or standard temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 2000 hp averageoutput of the host engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may comprise introducingin the range of 1.25-30 liters (for example in the range of 1.5-10liters, in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters, in therange of 2-3 liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, or in the range of 4-5liters) of second fuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine (for example in the rangeof 1.25-30 liters (for example in the range of 1.5-10 liters, in therange of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, or in the range of 4-5 liters)second fuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of displacement ofthe internal combustion engine per 100 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 liters (for example in therange of 1.5-10 liters, in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, orin the range of 4-5 liters) of second fuel (for example HHO gas) perhour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per 200hp average output of the internal combustion engine, in the range of1.25-30 liters (for example in the range of 1.5-10 liters, in the rangeof 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters,in the range of 3-4 liters, or in the range of 4-5 liters) of secondfuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of displacement of theinternal combustion engine per 400 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 liters (for example in therange of 1.5-10 liters, in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, orin the range of 4-5 liters) of second fuel (for example HHO gas) perhour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per 800hp average output of the internal combustion engine, in the range of1.25-30 liters (for example in the range of 1.5-10 liters, in the rangeof 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters,in the range of 3-4 liters, or in the range of 4-5 liters) of secondfuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of displacement of theinternal combustion engine per 1400 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine, or in the range of 1.25-30 liters (for example in therange of 1.5-10 liters, in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, orin the range of 4-5 liters) of second fuel (for example HHO gas) perhour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per2000 hp average output of the internal combustion engine

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a dual-chamber vessel foruse of an internal combustion engine, comprising: a first chamber of thedual-chamber vessel configured for electrolyzing an aqueous electrolytesolution, a port providing liquid communication between the firstchamber and a second chamber of the dual-chamber vessel, the portcomprising a liquid sealing member, the liquid sealing member effectiveto maintain a liquid seal of the first chamber under any orientation ofthe dual chamber vessel. In certain embodiments, for example, the liquidsealing member may comprise a flop tube. In certain embodiments, forexample, the liquid sealing member may be a rigid nozzle having anoutlet disposed in the second chamber. In certain embodiments, forexample, the rigid nozzle may have an outlet in the second chamber, theoutlet having a diameter D, and the outlet of the nozzle may bepositioned in aqueous electrolyte solution at a depth of at least onediameter D from a top surface of the solution. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the volume of the aqueous electrolyte solutionis greater than half of the volume of the second chamber and the nozzleextends at least half the length of the chamber, allowing the outlet ofthe nozzle to maintain a liquid seal under any orientation of the secondchamber.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas back-flow preventionelement or system to prevent the HHO gas collected in the upper chamberof the dual-chamber vessel from passing to the lower chamber where theHHO generator cell is positioned. In certain embodiments, for example,the dual-chamber design may be equipped with a standpipe in the upperchamber to allow HHO gas generated in the lower chamber to travel intothe upper chamber but prevent the HHO gas from back-flowing into thelower chamber. The distal end of the standpipe may have an opening forallowing the HHO gas received in the open end connected to the divider,and in communication with the lower chamber, between the upper and lowerchambers to transfer into the upper chamber. The opening in the distalend will be positioned proximate the center point of the upper chamber,for example, the stand pipe may be positioned in the center of thedivider and extend perpendicularly into the upper chamber (for example,vertically up into the upper chamber) and terminate at the midpoint, forexample the geometric center, between the upper and lower surfacesdefining the upper chamber. In operation, the electrolyte level in theupper chamber may be maintained above the opening in the distal end ofthe stand pipe, for example it may be maintained at a minimum heightequal to the opening in the distal end plus the diameter of the openingin the distal end (by way of example, if the upper chamber is 7 inchestall and it is equipped with a 0.5 inch diameter stand pipe positionedin the geometric center of the divider plate and extending verticallyupwardly to the geometric center of the upper chamber, i.e., 3.5 inchesupwardly, the electrolyte level will be maintained at a height withinthe upper chamber of at least 4 inches (3.5 inches plus 0.5 inches).This should assure that the electrolyte covers or seals the opening inthe distal end of the standpipe regardless of the orientation of thedual-chamber vessel and therefore prevent back flow of HHO gas from theupper chamber into the lower chamber, where the HHO generator cell ispositioned.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a retrofitted internalcombustion engine configured to use a second fuel (for example an HHOgas) according to the second fuel system. In certain embodiments, forexample, the retrofitted internal combustion engine may power a vehicle.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for on-demanddelivery of HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: anelectrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, a controller fordetermining an amount of the HHO gas sufficient to reduce engine-outemissions to a pre-determined level, and an HHO injection apparatus, incommunication with the controller, for delivering the HHO gas to atleast one intake valve of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of thefollowing embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments orparts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the system mayfurther comprise a regulator for regulating a temperature and a pressureof the HHO gas to be injected in the engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the system may further comprise a knock sensor configured todetecting engine knock and to send a signal to the controller to adjustthe HHO injection when engine knock is detected. In certain embodiments,for example, the controller may at least partially control thegeneration of the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, thesystem may further comprise an exhaust temperature sensor connected tothe controller. In certain embodiments, for example, the controller mayadjust the HHO injection when the temperature of engine exhaust exceedsa pre-determined temperature level. In certain embodiments, for example,the HHO gas may be distributed individually to each intake valve of eachcylinder via a multi-point HHO gas injection (also called port gasinjection or MPI). In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-pointinjection may inject gas into the intake ports just upstream of eachcylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point within an intakemanifold. In certain embodiments, for example, multi-point injection maybe sequential, wherein injection of the HHO gas may be timed to coincidewith each cylinder's intake stroke; batched, wherein HHO gas may beinjected to the cylinders in groups, without precise synchronization toany particular cylinder's intake stroke; or simultaneous, wherein HHOgas may be injected at the same time to all the cylinders. In certainembodiments, for example, the multi-point injection may deliver the HHOgas directly into the cylinder, i.e., direct injection.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered to theengine at a pressure in the range of 100-500 kPa (for example in therange of 100-400 kPa, or in the range of 40-60 psig or 45-55 psig). Incertain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered to theengine at temperature in the range of 35-120° C. (for example at atemperature in the range of 35-75° C.). In certain embodiments, forexample, the HHO gas may be delivered to the intake port of at least onecylinder of the engine at a temperature in the range of 100-130° F. Incertain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered to theintake port of at least one cylinder of the engine at a pressure in therange of 100-500 kPa. In certain embodiments, for example, thecontroller may further control the volume of HHO gas injected based, atleast in part on the engine demand, load, fuel consumption, and/orairflow. In certain embodiments, for example, a timing and duration ofat least one HHO gas injector may be controlled at least in part basedon the engine demand.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system may further comprise anHHO temperature sensor connected to the controller. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the controller may adjust the HHO injectionwhen the temperature of the HHO gas is outside a pre-determinedtemperature range. In certain embodiments, for example, the system mayfurther comprise an HHO pressure sensor connected to the controller. Incertain embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust the HHOinjection when the pressure of the HHO gas exceeds a pre-determinedpressure level. In certain embodiments, for example, the controller maycomprise an anti-surge protector. In certain embodiments, for example,the controller may comprise a processor configured to calculate anamount of the HHO gas sufficient to reduce engine-out emissions to apre-determined level based on engine operating parameters. In certainembodiments, for example, the controller may comprise a seal to preventwater intrusion.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may includeany of the electrolysis cell embodiments disclosed herein. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise apressure-resistant container comprising a first defined space forholding an electrolyte solution, a plurality of electrolysis platesretained within the first defined space, and a second defined space forholding a gas, wherein a volume of the second defined space may begreater than the volume of the first defined space. In certainembodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may furthercomprise a positive terminal, a negative terminal, a gas outlet, anelectrolyte solution fill port and/or a drain port. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise aheat exchanger in communication with, integral to, or connected to thegas outlet.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard,on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine (forexample for a vehicle), comprising: an electrolysis cell configured toproduce a required amount of HHO gas; and an HHO gas delivery systemconfigured to deliver the HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, delivery of the required amount of HHOgas may comprise delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gasfrom the electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice (forexample within 3 inches of the at least one orifice) of a combustionchamber intake valve, wherein said portion of the HHO gas does notcontact combustion intake air until said portion reaches said position.In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas delivery system maydeliver the portion of the HHO gas without causing any noticeable changein its chemical and/or performance properties to said position about thecombustion chamber intake valve. In certain embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and therequired amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing in therange of 4-16 ounces of water per 10,000 miles traveled by the hostvehicle or in the range of 4-16 ounces of water per 20,000,000crankshaft revolutions of the host engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicleand the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000liters per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, basedon a gas measured at a temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas requiredmay be in catalytic quantities.

In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas maybe, on average, in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25° C. and pressureof 1 atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for example, the requiredamount of HHO gas may be in the range of, on average, 1-10 liters perhour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature ofwithin 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of inthe range of 40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example, theinternal combustion engine may be a 15-liter diesel engine for a freightvehicle. In certain further embodiments, for example, the requiredamount of HHO gas may be in the range of, on average, 5-30 liters perhour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature ofwithin 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of inthe range of 40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example, a doublingof the engine volume (for example from a 3-liter engine to a 6-literengine) may increase the required amount of HHO gas by in the range of5-15% (for example by approximately 10%). In certain embodiments, forexample, the system may further comprise an HHO gas storage systemconfigured to store an excess amount of HHO gas for at least 1 week (forexample at least 1 months). In certain embodiments, for example, therequired amount of HHO gas may be at least 1 liter of HHO (for exampleat least 1.5 liters) gas per each liter of engine displacement for every120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the engine at a pressure of at least100 kPa relative to the air intake pressure of a combustion chamber ofthe engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cellmay be configured to store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver therequired amount of HHO gas for at least 120,000 crankshaft revolutionsof the engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysiscell may be configured to generate the required amount of HHO gas forextended operation of the internal combustion engine, wherein thetemperature of the electrolysis cell does not exceed 80° C. (forexample, does not exceed 65° C.). In certain embodiments, for example,the electrolysis cell may be powered by an 11-14 VDC power source. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell maycomprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of one ormore electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution may be selected,maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20amps (for example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage andtemperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, forexample, the average (or maximum) current draw may be less than 20 amps,for example less than 15 amps, less than 12 amps, less than 10 amps,less than 5 amps, or the current draw may be less than 2 amps. Incertain embodiments, for example, the current draw may be in the rangeof 5 to 20 amps, for example in the range of 7 to 15 amps, in the rangeof 8 to 12 amps, or the average (or maximum) current draw may be in therange of 9 to 11 amps. In certain embodiments, for example, the average(or maximum) current applied per square centimeter of electrolysis platearea of the electrolysis plates in the electrolysis cell (i.e., thecurrent density) may be less than 500 mA/cm², less than 250 mA/cm², lessthan 100 mA/cm², less than 80 mA/cm², less than 75 mA/cm², less than 60mA/cm², less than 50 mA/cm², less than 40 mA/cm², less than 30 mA/cm²,less than 20 mA/cm², or the current applied per square centimeter ofelectrolysis plate area of the electrolysis plates in the electrolysiscell may be less than 10 mA/cm².

In certain embodiments, for example, the current applied per squarecentimeter of electrolysis plate area of the electrolysis plates in theelectrolysis cell (i.e., the current density) may be in the range of 10to 500 mA/cm², in the range of 100 to 250 mA/cm², for example in therange of 25 to 150 mA/cm², in the range of 25 to 100 mA/cm², in therange of 25 to 75 mA/cm², in the range of 40 to 60 mA/cm², or thecurrent applied per square centimeter of electrolysis plate area of theelectrolysis plates in the electrolysis cell may be in the range of 50to 75 mA/cm².

In certain embodiments, for example, electrolysis cell plates may bemade of stainless steel or titanium. In certain embodiments, forexample, electrolysis cell plates may be coated with platinum oriridium. In certain embodiments, for example, electric current draw mayincrease when electrolyte solution heats up, for example, average (ormaximum) electric current draw may increase from 5-15 Amps to 15-35Amps, or from 10-11 Amps to 20-29 Amps. In certain embodiments, forexample, one of the foregoing coatings may render the electric draw lesssensitive to temperature, for example not temperature sensitive.

In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolyteconcentration may be lower than the concentration of electrolyte in aconventional electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolyte solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be operatedcontinuously (for example without pulsed width modulation) for a periodof time (for example at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least1 hour, or indefinitely) without overheating, for example withoutheating to a temperature in excess of 65° C. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, an ability to operate the electrolysis cellcontinuously without overheating may be due at least in part to a lowelectrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution (for example lessthan 2 vol. % of electrolyte, such as less than 0.5 vol. % ofelectrolyte) and/or an average (or maximum) current draw of less than 15amps (for example less than 10 amps). In certain embodiments, forexample, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a 20-28 VDC powersource. In certain further embodiments, for example, the concentrationof the one or more electrolytes may be selected, maintained, and/oradjusted to provide an average (or maximum) current draw of less than 10amps at the operating temperature (for example an operating temperatureof less than 80° C.) of the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments,for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on lessthan 250 watts of DC power. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 3 ohm ofresistance.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a vehicle comprising aninternal combustion engine and an apparatus for providing HHO gas to theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, theapparatus may comprise one of the HHO gas-providing apparatus describedherein. In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a Class8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel engine. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may have adisplacement in the range of 11-16 liters, for example in the range of14-15 liters. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavyduty diesel engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm, forexample 2100 rpm. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavyduty diesel engine may provide 1600-2000 ft-lb peak torque. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may besized to produce 430-500 hp. In certain embodiments, for example, thevehicle may be a delivery truck comprising a medium duty diesel engine.In certain further embodiments, for example, the medium duty dieselengine may be a 6 cylinder inline engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the medium duty diesel engine may have a displacement in therange of 6-11 liters. In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle(for example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 truck) may be a lighttruck comprising a light duty high speed diesel engine. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed dieselengine may have a displacement in the range of 2-6 liters. In certainembodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel engine mayhave an engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm. In certain embodiments, forexample, the light duty high speed diesel engine may be sized to produce200-250 hp. In certain embodiments, for example, the light duty highspeed diesel engine may be a 6-cylinder inline engine, a V6 engine, or aV8 engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be apleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine having adisplacement in the range of 4-20 liters, for example a displacement inthe range of 4-8 liters, or the internal combustion engine having adisplacement in the range of 8-18 liters.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a generator comprising aninternal combustion engine and an apparatus for providing HHO gas to theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, theapparatus may comprise one of the HHO gas-providing apparatus describedherein. In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may be agenerator set engine having a displacement in the range of 6-60 liters.In certain further embodiments, for example, the generator set enginemay be a V8, V12, V16, or V20 engine having an engine displacement of2-6 liters per cylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, thegenerator set engine may be sized to produce more than 1000 hp, forexample the generator set engine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method for reducing one ormore emissions (for example regulated emissions, such as emissions ofparticulate matter or emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx)) of an internalcombustion engine (for example a gas engine or a diesel engine),comprising: controlling a temperature of an HHO gas by exchanging heatwith an engine coolant; and delivering the HHO gas at the controlledtemperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustionengine. In certain embodiments, for example, one or more engine-outemissions of the internal combustion engine (for example a Heavy-DutyHighway Compression-Ignition Engine) may fall within or meet theregulated emissions limits for the internal combustion engine specifiedin EURO emission standards and/or Environmental Protection Agencyemission standards. In certain embodiments, for example, the engine-outemission levels for purposes of determining compliance with emissionsstandards (for example Environmental Protection Agency emissionstandards) may be based on standard test procedures (for example theEnvironmental Protection Agency Transient Test Procedure, theNot-to-Exceed (NTE) test, the Supplemental Emission Test (SET), or theUrban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS)). In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the emission levels may comprise 0.2 g/bhp-hrof nitrogen oxide and non-methane hydrocarbon and 0.01 g/bhp-hr [orother levels] of particulate matter on Environmental Protection AgencyTransient Test Procedure. In certain further embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may be a nonroad compression-ignitionengine and the emission levels may comprise Exhaust Emission Standardsfor Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be agenerator set engine and the emission levels comprise Exhaust EmissionStandards for generator sets. In certain further embodiments, forexample, one or more emissions of an internal combustion engine (forexample a Category M, Category N1-I, Category N1-II, Category N1-III,Category N2, HD Diesel, or non-road mobile machinery internal combustionengine may be reduced according to one or more Euro emission standards(for example one or more of the Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV, EuroV, or Euro VI emission standards).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of improvingefficiency of an electrolysis process (for example a process for theelectrolysis of water), comprising: selecting a working volume ofelectrolyte solution whereby the process draws less than 15 amps (forexample less than 10 amps, for example between 5 and 12 amps, or 7 and11 amps) at 24 VDC, configuring the size and number of a plurality ofelectrolysis plates in an electrolysis cell whereby each of theplurality of plates may be fully submerged in the working volume ofelectrolyte solution, and optionally cooling the electrolyte solution toa temperature of 80° C. or less. In certain embodiments, one or morethan one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments maycomprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certainembodiments, for example, the method may further comprise storing aproduct of electrolysis (for example a gas) within the electrolysiscell. In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality ofelectrolysis plates form a parallel stack having 1-3 mm spacing betweenneighboring plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the method mayfurther comprise warming the electrolysis cell to a temperature ofgreater than 80° C. (for example greater than 90° C.). In certainembodiments, for example, the cooling may comprise removing heat fromthe electrolyte solution to an engine coolant with a heat exchanger. Incertain embodiments, for example, the cooling may comprise removing heatfrom the electrolyte solution to an engine coolant. In certainembodiments, for example, the cooling may be assisted by intermittentinterruptions of the electrolysis process. In certain embodiments, forexample, electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous electrolytesolution of sulfuric acid.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHOgas to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine,comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a controlled temperature within20° C. (for example within 10° C.) of an engine coolant temperature,pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa (for examplewithin 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of an air intake port of the combustionchamber, and injecting the HHO gas into the air intake port.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHOgas to a plurality of combustion chambers of an internal combustionengine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a controlled temperaturewithin 10° C. of an engine coolant temperature, pressurizing the HHO gasto a pressure within 500 kPa (for example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) ofan air intake port of at least one combustion chamber of a plurality ofcombustion chambers, and delivering at least one portion of the HHO gasto within 3 inches of the intake valve of the at least one combustionchamber of the plurality of combustion chambers. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the method may further comprise delivering atleast a second portion of the HHO gas to within 3 inches of an intakevalve of at least a second combustion chamber of the plurality ofcombustion chambers, and further delivering at least a third portion ofthe HHO gas to within 3 inches of an intake valve of at least a thirdcombustion chamber of the plurality of combustion chambers.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHOgas to a plurality of combustion chambers of an internal combustionengine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a controlled temperaturewithin 10° C. (for example, within 5 ° C.) of engine coolanttemperature, pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa (forexample within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of a first air intake port of atleast one of the plurality of combustion chambers, and delivering theHHO gas directly into a plurality of air intake ports (for example, inthe range of 4-12 intake ports, for example 6 or 8 intake ports).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHOgas to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine,comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a controlled temperature within10° C. of engine coolant temperature, pressurizing the HHO gas to apressure within 500 kPa (for example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of anair intake port of the combustion chamber, and delivering a portion ofthe HHO gas into the intake port.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis unit forsupplying HHO gas as a boost fuel for a vehicle, comprising: a highpressure container comprising: a gas storage portion and a gasgeneration portion (for example the gas generation portion may comprisean electrolysis cell). In certain further embodiments, for example, thegas generation portion may be capable of generating a quantity of gasgreater than the average demand for the vehicle. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the gas storage portion may be sufficientlysized to store a quantity of gas that exceeds 90% of a peak demand (forexample the average peak demand for a specified period of time) for thevehicle. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including forinstance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of theother embodiments or parts thereof.

In certain embodiments, for example, the gas storage portion may have afixed volume. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas storageportion may comprise a head space above the gas generation portion. Incertain embodiments, for example, the average demand may be in the rangeof 1-4 liters (or 2-5 liters) of HHO gas per hour or per 120,000crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20° C. of thetemperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50psia. In certain embodiments, for example, the average peak demand maybe in the range of 20-30 liters of HHO gas per hour or per 120,000crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20° C. of thetemperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50psia. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas generation portionmay produce HHO gas intermittently (for example for less than 20 minutesbefore pausing). In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas generationmay be for less than 12 minutes per hour or per 120,000 crankshaftrotations. In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas generation maybe regulated to maintain the electrolysis unit at a temperature below80° C. In certain embodiments, for example, the average demand may bebased on an average 100 hp, 200 hp, 400 hp, 800 hp, 1400 hp, or 2000 hpoutput of the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method to operate anelectrolysis unit comprising a variable pressure zone, comprising:selecting a first pressure and a second pressure of the variablepressure zone whereby HHO gas initially at the first pressure may bedischarged to meet a peak energy demand for a specified period withoutfalling to a pressure below the second pressure, generating HHO gasuntil the variable pressure zone reaches the first pressure; separatelygenerating HHO gas at a rate sufficient to meet an average energydemand. In certain embodiments, for example, the first pressure may be50 psia and the second pressure may be 40 psia.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of improving afuel economy of an internal combustion engine, comprising: injectinginto each cylinder of the engine less than 1 liter (for example lessthan 0.3 liter) of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement at apressure of less than 500 kPa; and achieving a fuel economy improvementof more than 10% (for example more than 15%). Certain embodiments mayprovide, for example, a method of reducing one or more engine-outemissions (for example PM and/or NOx emissions) of an internalcombustion engine, comprising: injecting into each cylinder of theengine less than 1 liter (for example less than 0.3 liter) of the HHOgas per liter of cylinder displacement at a pressure of less than 500kPa; and achieving a reduction in the one or more engine-out emissionsof at least 25% (for example a reduction of at least 50%). In certainfurther embodiments, for example, at least one of the one or moreengine-out emissions may be reduced below corresponding regulatorylimits, for example 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2014 EnvironmentalProtection Agency emission limits and/or Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, andor Euro VI emission limits].

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of improving afuel economy of a vehicle or generator set engine (genset) powered by aninternal combustion engine, comprising: injecting a portion of anonboard-generated HHO gas into at least one cylinder of a plurality ofcylinders of the internal combustion engine at a pressure greater than30 psi and at a temperature within 10° C. of the operating temperatureof a coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at a distancewithin 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least one cylinder ofthe plurality of cylinders, wherein the HHO gas may be generated by anon-board electrolysis cell that may be powered by the internalcombustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, themethod may further comprise injecting a second portion of theonboard-generated HHO gas into at least a second cylinder of theplurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at atemperature within 10° C. of the operating temperature of a coolant forthe internal combustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of anair intake valve of the at least a second cylinder of the plurality ofcylinders, and injecting a third portion of the onboard-generated HHOgas into at least a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at apressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10° C. of theoperating temperature of a coolant for the internal combustion engine,and at a distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at leasta third cylinder. In certain further embodiments, for example, injectingthe portion, the second portion, and the third portion may be sequenced.In certain further embodiments, for example, the sequencing may berelative to a position of a first piston of a plurality of pistons (forexample a piston for the first cylinder), a second piston of theplurality of pistons, and/or a third piston of the plurality of pistons.In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may befurther powered by battery, wherein the battery may be recharged by acharging unit that is powered by the combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the vehicle's fuel economy may be increased byat least 5% on a miles per gallon of fuel combusted basis, relative toidentical conditions where the HHO gas is not injected (for examplewhere the HHO gas is not generated).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of improving afuel economy of a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine,comprising: injecting a portion of an onboard-generated HHO gas into atleast one cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internalcombustion engine at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperaturewithin 10° C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the internalcombustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of a first airintake valve of the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders,wherein the HHO gas may be generated by an on-board electrolysis cellthat may be powered by the internal combustion engine. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, the method may further compriseinjecting a second portion of the onboard-generated HHO gas into atleast a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a pressuregreater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10° C. of the operatingtemperature of a coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at adistance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least a secondcylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and injecting a third portion ofthe onboard-generated HHO gas into at least a third cylinder of theplurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at atemperature within 10° C. of the operating temperature of a coolant forthe internal combustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of anair intake valve of the at least a third cylinder of the plurality ofcylinders. In certain further embodiments, for example, injecting theportion, the second portion, and the third portion may be sequenced. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the sequencing may be relativeto a position of a first piston of a plurality of pistons (for example apiston for the first cylinder), a second piston of the plurality ofpistons, and/or a third piston of the plurality of pistons. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be further poweredby battery, wherein the battery may be recharged by a charging unit thatis powered by the combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the vehicle's fuel economy may be increased by at least 5% on amiles per gallon of fuel combusted basis, relative to identicalconditions where the HHO gas is not injected (for example where the HHOgas is not generated).

In certain further embodiments, for example, at least one of the one ormore engine-out emissions (for example one or more of the emissionsspecified in the 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2014 Environmental ProtectionAgency emission limits and/or Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, and or Euro VIemission limits) may be reduced by at least 5% (for example at least10%) relative to identical conditions and duration where the HHO gas isnot injected (for example where the HHO gas is not generated).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel injectionsystem for an internal combustion engine, comprising a source of asecond fuel, an injection system in fluid communication with said sourceof the second fuel, comprising at least one injector configured tocontrol delivery of the second fuel, a line having an inlet in fluidcommunication with the outlet of said at least one injector and anoutlet proximate at least one intake valve of the engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a booster gas injectionsystem for an internal combustion engine, comprising a source of saidbooster gas, an injection system in fluid communication with said sourceof booster gas, comprising at least one booster gas injector configuredto control delivery of at least a portion of said booster gas to alocation proximate at least one intake valve of the engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for improvingperformance of an internal combustion engine, comprising multi-pointvariably injecting a second fuel directly into at least one intake portof the engine, wherein the second fuel is a product of electrolysis (forexample electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all)of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodimentsor parts thereof. Certain embodiments may provide, for example,apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the fuel economy of aninternal combustion engine. Certain embodiments may provide, forexample, apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce the emissions of aninternal combustion engine. Certain embodiments may provide, forexample, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the efficiency ofaftertreatment devices of an internal combustion engine. Certainembodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems toreduce the fuel consumption of an internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the brake thermal efficiency of an internalcombustion engine. Certain embodiments may provide, for example,apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce particulate matter (for exampleparticulate matter) emissions. Certain embodiments may provide, forexample, apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce the amount of fine andultra-fine particulates.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine (forexample a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, a marine engine, or a2-stroke engine). In certain embodiments, for example, internalcombustion engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%(for example at least 2%, at least 5%, or at least 20%).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to achieve substantially complete combustion, or at least morecomplete combustion, within the internal combustion engine (for examplegreater combustion of at least more than 10%, for example more than20%).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the operation of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all)of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodimentsor parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature and/or may runcleaner. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustionengine may generate more power or more consistent or even power outputfor the same or lower amount of fuel. In certain embodiments, forexample, the internal combustion engine may generate exhausttemperatures more suitable for efficient operation of exhaustaftertreatment systems. In certain embodiments, for example, theinternal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures moresuitable for efficient operation of diesel particulate filter (DPF). Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maygenerate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation ofselective catalytic reactor (SCR). In certain embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures moresuitable for efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maygenerate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation ofNOx trap. In certain embodiments, for example, the exhaust temperatureof the combustion engine may be reduced by at least 10° F. relative dueto introduction of an ultra low quantity of HHO gas according to themethods, systems, and apparatus described herein, for example by atleast 10° F., by at least 20° F., by at least 30° F., by at least 40°F., by at least 50° F., by at least 60° F., by at least 70° F., by atleast 70° F., by at least 80° F., by at least 90° F., or the exhausttemperature may be reduced by at least 100° F. In certain embodiments,for example, the exhaust temperature of the combustion engine may bereduced by in the range of 5 to 125° F., for example in the range of inthe range of 5 to 125° F., in the range of 10 to 100° F., in the rangeof 25 to 100° F., in the range of 50 to 100° F., in the range of 70 to95 ° F., in the range of 10 to 40° F., in the range of 10 to 30° F., orthe exhaust temperature may be reduced by in the range of 75 to 85° F.

In certain internal combustion engine applications (for example heavyduty, over-the-road diesel trucks) the exhaust may be equipped with anaftertreatment system to address environmental regulations. The systemoften consists of diesel particulate filters, for example, wall-flowdiesel particulate filters (DPFs) to remove or trap particular fromwithin the passing exhaust stream. These DPF's are regenerated byburning off the accumulated particulate in a process calledregeneration. Diesel particulate matter burns when exposed totemperatures above 600 degrees Celsius. A typical DPF burner employsdiesel fuel as an energy source. Diesel fuel may be injected into theevaporator portion of the burner, where it is atomized and then providedto the combustor. There, combustion of atomized fuel releases heat,which may be transferred through a heat transfer element to the engineexhaust, raising its temperature to the level sufficient to burn offaccumulated material trapped by the DPF. This regeneration combustionmay be assisted by the introduction of HHO. In certain embodiments, forexample, HHO may be introduced on a controlled basis to aid theregeneration combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, this maybe accomplished by positioning an HHO injector proximate the combustionsite as a second fuel for the regeneration combustion. In certainembodiments, for example, this injector may deliver stored HHO, storedhydrogen or be fed HHO from an on-board HHO generator. In certainembodiments, for example, the engine may be equipped with a HHOgenerator and a series of HHO injectors to distribute HHO about theintake ports of the engine and a further injector to distribute HHOproximate the combustion site of the DPF regeneration burner to aid as asecond fuel for the regeneration combustion.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to introduce a second fuel (for example a second fuel exclusiveof a petroleum-derived fuel) into an internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the second fuel (also referred to asbooster gas or enhancement gas or HHO gas throughout this application,unless specifically defined otherwise) may comprise hydrogen, oxygenand/or mixtures thereof derived from electrolysis of an aqueouselectrolyte solution comprising ions, for example an electrolysissolution. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel maysubstantially comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. Incertain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may predominantlycomprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certainembodiments, for example, the second fuel may be a product ofelectrolysis. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel orcomponents of the second fuel, for example hydrogen may benefit thecombustion reaction by serving as a catalyst.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture (for example anoxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use as a second fuel in an internalcombustion engine). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixturemay be an oxygen-rich or hydrogen-rich a gas mixture. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise one or more ofaqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis components (for examplemonatomic oxygen and/or monatomic hydrogen).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two partshydrogen to one part oxygen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (forexample 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, 0.75:1, or 0.5:1). In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modifiedbefore being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with anadditive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified byadding, recycling or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certainembodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generatehydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1, but some ofthe hydrogen or oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles,and the apparatus, method, or system may be configured to release thetrapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internalcombustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to result in a more reliably controlled gas mixture generationprocess. In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided tothe system for gas generation may be continually or continuouslyregulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or substantiallyreal time), so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity ofgas, for example, in relation to the engine speed and/or demand.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to utilize a substantially closed-loop system that recycles awater-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous electrolyte solutionelectrolysis component) mixture to reduce its consumption.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to alter combustion (for example diesel combustion) chemistry toreduce particulate formation, for example reduce particulate formationby greater than 5% (for example greater than 10%).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to increase the concentration of an oxidizer in an internalcombustion engine, for example increase the amount of oxidizers by atleast 5% (for example by at least 20%).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems that serve as a mechanism for distributing the oxidizer for moreeven air/fuel mixture.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speedcombustion, enhance combustion, and/or increase the extent ofcombustion.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine'sintake system. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (includingfor instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of theother embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,an apparatus, method, or system may displace air within the engine'sintake system with the gas mixture, resulting from the gas mixturegenerator system. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may be used to create a shorter combustion processthat lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation ofnitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysisof an aqueous electrolyte solution and introducing at least a portion ofthe gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion. Incertain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system maygenerate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueouselectrolyte solution and introducing a substantial portion (for examplegreater than 95 wt. %), of the gas mixture into the engine's intake forimproved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysisof an aqueous electrolyte solution and storing the gas mixture in astorage tank instead of introducing the gas mixture into the engine'sintake. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, orsystem may generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of agas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intakefor improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, anapparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the rangeof between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute and/or produce in the range ofbetween 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of enginedisplacement. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method,or system may be configured to produce in the range of between 4.8-45liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement. In certainembodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may beconfigured to produce in the range of between 1.25-15 liters of gas perhour per liter of engine displacement, for example in the range of1.5-10 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement, in therange of 2-8 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement, inthe range of 2-5 liters of gas per hour per liter of enginedisplacement, in the range of 1.5-4 liters of gas per hour per liter ofengine displacement, in the range of 2-4 liters of gas per hour perliter of engine displacement, in the range of 1.5-2 liters of gas perhour per liter of engine displacement, in the range of 2-3 liters of gasper hour per liter of engine displacement, in the range of 3-4 liters ofgas per hour per liter of engine displacement, in the range of 4-5liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement, in the range of5-7 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement, in therange of 7-9 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement, orthe apparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in therange of between 9-15 liters of gas per hour per liter of enginedisplacement.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system or apparatus togenerate a gas mixture for use with an internal combustion engine, thesystem or apparatus comprising a tank (for example an at least partiallynon-conductive tank) configured to store an aqueous electrolyte solutionconsisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity ofelectrolyte (for example the electrolyte may comprise KOH, K₂CO₃, NaOH,Na₂CO₃, and/or H₂SO₄). In certain embodiments, for example, one or morethan one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments ofthe system or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments orparts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the system orapparatus may further comprise a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell)configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous electrolytesolution. In certain further embodiments, for example, the cell maycomprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel to oneanother and be spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one ofthe plurality of plates, and at least one seal located between theplurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the at leastone seal may produce a substantially watertight seal between adjacentones of the plurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example,the system or apparatus may further comprise a controller configured toapply a pulse width modulated voltage to the cell to generate the gasmixture within the cell. In certain further embodiments, for example,the controller may be configured to regulate the current provided to thecell by controlling the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated voltage.In certain embodiments, for example, the duty cycle may be controlled inreal time and/or substantially real time.

In certain embodiments, for example, the controller may provideelectrical power to the electrolysis cell according to a timed on/offsequence. In certain embodiments, for example, the timed on/off sequencemay be in the range of 10-120 seconds on followed by in the range of30-240 seconds off, for example 20-90 seconds on followed by in therange of 45-120 seconds office, or the timed on/off sequence may be inthe range of 30-60 seconds on followed by in the range of 60-90 secondsoff. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis timedsequence may be interrupted when the pressure of a stored supply of HHOgas exceeds a first pressure, and restarted when the pressure of thestored supply of HHO gas falls below a second pressure, the firstpressure greater than the second pressure. In certain embodiments, forexample, the difference between the first pressure and the secondpressure may be at least 2 psi, at least 4 psia, or the differencebetween the first pressure and the second pressure at least 8 psi. Incertain embodiments, for example, the difference between the firstpressure and the second pressure may be less than 8 psi, less than 4 psior the difference between the first pressure and the second pressure maybe 2 psi or less. In certain embodiments, for example, the differencebetween the first pressure and the second pressure may be in the rangeof 1-8 psi, for example in the range of 2-4 psi. In certain embodiments,for example, the first pressure may be in the range of 40-100 psig, forexample in the range of 40-60 psig, or in the range of 48-52 psig.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may furthercomprise an output for outputting the gas mixture to the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixturemay be input into the tank prior to being output to the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixturemay be output to the internal combustion engine without being input intothe tank. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may bestored in the tank without being output to the internal combustionengine under certain operating conditions. In certain embodiments, forexample, the gas generation system or apparatus may be integral with thegas storage tank. In certain embodiments, for example, the size of thetank may be selected such that the aqueous electrolyte solution occupiesless than ⅔ (for example less than ¼) the volume of the tank duringoperation. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatusmay comprise multiple tanks. In certain embodiments, for example, thecell may comprise at least two plates (for example at least 7 plates orat least 15 plates), a first plate configured to be coupled to apositive terminal of a voltage source and a second plate configured tobe coupled to a negative terminal of the voltage source. In certainembodiments, for example, the cell may further comprise at least oneneutral plate configured in a series relationship to the first plate andthe second plate.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, (for exampleat least 5%, or for example between 8 and 12%, or at least 10%, 15% orfrom 1% to up to 20%).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the operation of an internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayoperate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, such as anoxygen-rich, oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-richoxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, one or more thanone (including for instance all) of the following embodiments of thesystem or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or partsthereof.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to more reliably controlled gas mixture generation process. Incertain embodiments, for example, the current provided for gasgeneration may be continually or continuously regulated or controlled,for example, in real time (or substantially real time), so apredetermined quantity of gas is consistently produced.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to utilize a substantially closed-loop method of electrolysisthat recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort toreduce its consumption.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems capable of altering combustion (for example diesel combustion)chemistry to reduce particulate formation (for example reduceparticulate formation by greater than 5%, for example between 8% and 15%or by greater than 10%). In certain embodiments, for example, theconcentration of an oxidizer in an internal combustion engine may beincreased (for example increased by at least 5%, for example by at least20%).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to distribute the oxidizer for more even air/fuel mixture.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speedcombustion and/or increase combustion completion.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine'sintake system.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to create a shorter combustion process that lowers the enginetemperature thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to reduce the particulate emissions of an internal combustionengine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method may comprise thesteps of generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustionengine and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion engineduring operation of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, a method may comprise: generating a gasmixture for use within the internal combustion engine, and providing thegas mixture to the internal combustion engine during operation of theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gasmixture may be generated in substantially real time relative to theconsumption of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, thegas mixture may be generated onboard the vehicle during operation of theinternal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments, may provide, for example, a booster gas injectionsystem for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a source of saidbooster gas, an injection system in fluid communication with said sourceof booster gas. In certain further embodiments, for example, theinjection system may comprise at least one booster gas injectorconfigured to control delivery of at least a portion of said booster gasto a location proximate at least one intake valve of the engine. Incertain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all)of the following embodiments of the system or apparatus may compriseeach of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments,for example, the booster gas may be a gas mixture of hydrogen andoxygen. In certain embodiments, for example, the source of the boostergas may be a gas mixture generation system comprising: an electrolytesolution storage tank, an electrolysis cell, and a gas mixture storage,wherein the electrolyte solution storage tank, the electrolysis cell,and the gas mixture storage are integrated into a single unit. Incertain embodiments, for example, delivery of the booster gas by eachbooster gas injector may occur during the opening of a cylinder intakevalve of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample, the injection system may further comprise a controllerconfigured to input signals from at least one sensor, and configured tooutput a command to at least one actuator. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the at least one sensor may comprise athrottle position sensor and/or a manifold pressure sensor. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, the at least one actuator may comprisean injector solenoid.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel injectionsystem for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a source of asecond fuel, and an injection system in fluid communication with saidsource of the second fuel. In certain further embodiments, for example,the injection system may comprise: at least one injector configured tocontrol delivery of the second fuel, and a line having an inlet in fluidcommunication with the outlet of said at least one injector and anoutlet proximate at least one intake valve of the engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the second fuel may be may be a gas mixture ofhydrogen and oxygen. In certain embodiments, for example, the source ofthe second fuel may be a gas mixture generation system comprising: anelectrolyte solution storage tank, an electrolysis cell, and a gasmixture storage, wherein the electrolyte solution storage tank, theelectrolysis cell, and the gas mixture storage are integrated into asingle unit.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for improvingperformance of an internal combustion engine, comprising: multi-pointvariably injecting a second fuel directly into at least one intake portof the engine, wherein the second fuel is a product of electrolysis ofwater and optionally one or more electrolytes and/or excipients. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis may be accomplishedin a batch process comprising: filling a tank with an electrolytesolution, applying electrical power to an electrolysis cell inside thetank, generating gas mixture in the electrolysis cell, storing gasmixture inside the tank (for example storing the gas mixture inside thetank at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure), and releasing atleast a portion of the gas mixture from the tank when requested by acontroller. In certain embodiments, for example, the injecting may becontrolled by a controller. In certain further embodiments, for example,the controller may be configured to input signals from at least onesensor, and the controller may be further configured to output a commandto at least one actuator. In certain embodiments, for example, thevariably injecting may comprise changing pressure or flow rate of thesecond fuel. In certain embodiments, for example, the injecting maycomprise injecting the second fuel by a plurality of second fuelinjectors. In certain further embodiments, for example, the number ofthe plurality of second fuel injectors may be the number of enginecylinders present in the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas mixture generationsystem, comprising: a tank, one or more sets of plates inside the tank,a gap between top edges of the plates and the bottom wall of the tank,electrical connections passing through the tank, insulating spacersbetween each pair of neighboring plates within each set of plates, anelectrolyte solution filling a portion of the tank from the bottom wallto a level below a top edge of the plates, and at least one hole in eachplate to allow a flow of the electrolyte solution. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the tank may comprise a top wall, a pluralityof side walls, and a bottom wall. In certain further embodiments, forexample, each of the one or more sets of plates may comprise a left sideplate, a right side plate, and one or more middle plates, wherein allplates of each set are substantially parallel to each other andsubstantially perpendicular to the top and bottom walls of the tank. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the electrical connections maypass through the tank to each left side plate and to each right sideplate

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas mixture generationsystem, comprising: an electrolyte solution storage tank, anelectrolysis cell, and a gas mixture storage, wherein the electrolytesolution storage tank, the electrolysis cell, and the gas mixturestorage are integrated into a single unit.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas mixture generationsystem, comprising: a housing, a bottom internal portion inside thehousing, comprising an electrolysis cell, and a top internal portioninside the housing, comprising a gas mixture storage.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a batch process forgenerating a gas mixture, comprising: filling a tank with an electrolytesolution, applying electrical power to an electrolysis cell inside thetank, generating gas mixture in the electrolysis cell, storing gasmixture inside the tank, and releasing gas mixture from the tank whenrequested by a controller.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a tank for generating andstoring a gas mixture, comprising: an external housing, an electrolytesolution inside the external housing, and a hole in the external housingfor filling the tank with the electrolyte solution, an electrolysis cellinside the external housing comprising a plurality of substantiallyparallel plates including two side plates, at least one hole in each ofthe plurality of substantially parallel plates, a positive electrodeconnected to one of the two side plates and a negative electrodeconnected to the other of the two side plates, holes in the externalhousing for the positive electrode and for the negative electrode, a gasmixture storage above the electrolysis cell, and a hole in the externalhousing for gas mixture outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolysis cell may be immersed in the electrolyte solution such thata top portion of the electrolysis cell is above the level of theelectrolyte solution.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a retrofitted internalcombustion engine configured to utilize an HHO gas, comprising: aninternal combustion engine comprising a plurality of combustionchambers, a retrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution system, aretrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution control system, and amultiplate electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, theretrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution system may comprise an HHOgas distribution harness comprising an HHO gas pressure regulator, aplurality of injectors, and a plurality of lances connected to theplurality of injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gaspressure regulator may comprise a heat exchanger that is integrated witha retrofitted engine coolant line. In certain embodiments, for example,the retrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution control system may beconfigured to control the actuation of the injectors based on timingparameters of the internal combustion engine (for example based on thetiming of air intake strokes of the plurality of combustion chambers).In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may beintegrated with a retrofitted power supply powered at least partially bythe internal combustion engine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure container housingan n HHO gas production apparatus.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate stack

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution harness withcontrol wiring.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit for a HHO gas productionapparatus.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system.

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port equipped witha HHO gas injector and lance.

FIG. 8 is a schematic of a dual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus.

FIG. 9 is a schematic exploded view of a dual-chamber HHO gas productionapparatus.

FIG. 10 is a schematic depiction of a combustion cycle.

FIGS. 11(A-C) are a schematic depiction of a rollover-safe electrolysisunit in various orientations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for increasingfuel economy of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,for example, the method may comprise introducing in the range of 1.25-30liters (for example in the range of 2-5 liters) of HHO gas per hour perliter of displacement of the internal combustion engine in operation. Incertain embodiments, for example, the method may comprise introducingfor example in the range of 1.25-30 liters of HHO gas per hour per literof displacement of the internal combustion engine per 100 hp averageoutput of the internal combustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 litersof HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustionengine per 200 hp average output of the internal combustion engine, inthe range of 1.25-30 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine per 400 hp average outputof the internal combustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 liters of HHOgas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engineper 800 hp average output of the internal combustion engine, in therange of 1.25-30 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement ofthe internal combustion engine per 1400 hp average output of theinternal combustion engine, or in the range of 1.25-30 liters of HHO gasper hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per2000 hp average output of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the liters of HHO gas introduced per hour perliter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per 100 hp (orper 200 hp, per 400 hp, per 800 hp, per 1400 hp, or per 2000 hp) averageoutput of the internal combustion engine may be in the range of 1.25-10liters of HHO gas, in the range of 1.25-5 liters of HHO gas, in therange of 2-5 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 2-4 liters of HHO gas,in the range of 1.25-4 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 1.5-3 litersof HHO gas, in the range of 3-5 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 5-10liters of HHO gas, in the range of 10-15 liters of HHO gas, in the rangeof 15-20 liters of HHO gas, or in the range of 20-30 liters of HHO gas.In certain embodiments, for example, the method may comprise introducingfor example in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine per 100 hp average outputof the internal combustion engine, in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gasper hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per200 hp average output of the internal combustion engine, in the range of2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internalcombustion engine per 400 hp average output of the internal combustionengine, in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter ofdisplacement of the internal combustion engine per 800 hp average outputof the internal combustion engine, in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gasper hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine per1400 hp average output of the internal combustion engine, or in therange of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement of theinternal combustion engine per 2000 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may compriseelectrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an electrolyte solutionper liter of engine displacement per 100 hours of operation of theinternal combustion engine per 100 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an electrolytesolution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours of operation ofthe internal combustion engine per 200 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an electrolytesolution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours of operation ofthe internal combustion engine per 400 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an electrolytesolution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours of operation ofthe internal combustion engine per 800 hp average output of the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method maycomprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an electrolytesolution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours of operation ofthe internal combustion engine per 1400 hp average output of theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of anelectrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 2000 hp average outputof the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example,the ounces of electrolyte solution electrolyzed per liter of enginedisplacement per 100 hours of operation of the internal combustionengine per 100 hp (or per 200 hp, per 400 hp, per 800 hp, per 1400 hp,or per 2000 hp) average output of the internal combustion engine may bein the range of 3-15 ounces of electrolyte solution, in the range of3-10 ounces of electrolyte solution in the range of 5-9 ounces ofelectrolyte solution, in the range of 6-8 ounces of electrolytesolution, in the range of 5-20 ounces of electrolyte solution, in therange of 5-10 ounces of electrolyte solution, in the range of 10-15ounces of electrolyte solution, or in the range of 15-25 ounces ofelectrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the methodmay comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of anelectrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 100 hp average output ofthe internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of anelectrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 200 hp average output ofthe internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of anelectrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 400 hp average output ofthe internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of anelectrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 800 hp average output ofthe internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, themethod may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of anelectrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 1400 hp average outputof the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example,the method may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces ofan electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 hoursof operation of the internal combustion engine per 2000 hp averageoutput of the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an HHO gas productionapparatus to provide a second fuel to an internal combustion engine.FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure container housingan HHO gas production apparatus 100. The apparatus comprises anelectrolysis cell 102 comprising a spaced stack of electrolysis plates104 seated within an insulated plate holder comprising a lower portion106 and an upper portion 108. The lower portion of the insulated plateholder 106 and the upper portion of the insulated plate holder 108 areoriented with respect to each other via alignment pegs 110. Electrolytesolution can be introduced and HHO gas removed from the electrolysiscell through slots 112 in the upper portion of the insulated plateholder 108. The electrolysis cell 102 is contained within a pressureresistant container comprising a top housing 114 and an insulated bottomcover 116. When assembled, the lower rim 118 of the top housing isseated in a groove 120 of the insulated bottom cover 116. The pressureresistant container is assembled and sealed with flange assembly 122.The top housing further comprises an electrolyte solution addition port126 and gas removal port 128. The bottom cover 116 further comprisespower terminals 124 used to supply electricity to the electrolysis cell.

FIG. 2 depicts an electrolysis plate stack 104 comprising fivespaced-apart substantially parallel electrolysis plates 104A, 104B,104C, 104D, and 104E. The terminal connector 105A may be connected to apower terminal.

FIG. 3 depicts an electrolysis plate 104E omprising an electrolytesolution flow port 107E, an electrolyte solution flow and gas removalport 109E, and optional power terminal connector 105E.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution harness withcontrol wiring 400. The HHO gas distribution harness is shown with acommunication line 412, a voltage inverter 414 an audible alarm 416 anda programmable electronic control system (ECS) 410 in communication witha programming unit 404 by the programming lines 406. The ECS 410optionally communicates with an engine control unit (ECU) 408. The ECS410 is in communication with several sensors, including a knock sensor418, an exhaust temperature sensor 420, and an HHO gas temperaturesensor 422. In operation, HHO gas is introduced to a regulator 424 viasupply line 434 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through enginecoolant lines 426. Cooled HHO gas is passed through optional HHO linefilter 428 and portions of the HHO gas are introduced to HHO gasinjectors 430A-H. The ECS is in electrical communication with thecontrol wiring of the HHO production apparatus, not shown, via line 432.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit 500 for a HHO gasproduction apparatus 502. Control relay 504 is controlled by temperatureswitch 506 and pressure switch 508. Control relay 504 controls, viacontrol line 512, power relay 510 configured to regulate power to theHHO gas production apparatus 502. Power to the apparatus is passedthrough a hi-amp breaker 516 and power relay 510 via power line 514.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system 600. Inoperation, a power source 602 provides power to an HHO gas productionapparatus 604 and a central processing unit (CPU) 606. The CPU 606receives power through an ignition switch controlled line 608. The CPU606 provides a control signal through a control signal line 610 to apower relay 612 to regulate power to the apparatus 604. HHO gas exitsthe apparatus 604 through an HHO gas outlet tubing 614 and is passedthrough the regulator 616 and cooled with engine coolant circulatedthrough engine coolant lines 618(A&B). Cooled HHO gas is thentransmitted through a pressure regulated tubing 620 to an HHO gasinjector manifold 622. The HHO gas injector manifold 622 distributesportions of the HHO gas through the set of injectors fitted withinjector lances 624A, 624B, 624C, and 624D.

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port 700. Inoperation, an HHO injector 702 delivers HHO gas proximate an intakevalve 704 of a cylinder 716 through an HHO injector lance 710 positionedin an intake port 712 for the cylinder 716. The primary fuel, forexample diesel or gasoline, is fed into the combustion chamber 720 viathe fuel injector 706. HHO gas injection is timed relative to theposition of the piston 714.

FIG. 8 is a schematic of a dual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus800. An upper chamber 802 configured to contain electrolyte and an HHOvapor space (not shown) comprises a cylindrical member 804 bounded by atop plate 806 and a middle plate 808. A lower chamber 810 configured tocontain an electrolysis cell and electrolyte (not shown) comprises acylindrical member 812 (with a flange member 814) bounded by the middleplate 808 and a bottom plate 816. The top plate comprises an HHO gascollection port 818. The bottom plate 816 comprises an electrolyteinlet/removal port 820 and positive and negative power terminal ports(822 and 824, respectively). First uniform retaining members (orallthreads or all-thread rods) 826A-C are passed through first apertures(not shown) in the top plate 806, middle plate 808, and flange member814, and fastened with lock nuts 828A-C and 830A-C. Second allthreads orall-thread rods 832A-B are passed through second apertures (not shown)in the flange member 814 and the bottom plate 816 and fastened with locknuts 834A-B and 836A-B. Not all all-thread rods and lock nuts are shown.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of an exploded view of a dual-chamber HHO gasproduction apparatus 900. Upper and lower cylindrical members (902 and904, respectively) are aligned along a central axis A and, when thedual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus is assembled, removablyconnected to a separator plate 906 comprising a flange 908, the flange908 having a series of threaded, spaced apart apertures 910A-Fconfigured to receive a first series of allthreads or all-thread rods(not shown). The separator plate 906 has a necked port 912 to providefluid communication between an upper volume contained by the uppercylindrical member 902 and a lower volume contained by the lowercylindrical member 904. The upper cylindrical member 902 is, when thedual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus is assembled, removablyconnected to a top plate 914 comprising a flange 916, the flange 916having a series of threaded, spaced apart apertures 918A-F configured toreceive the first series of allthreads or all-thread rods (not shown)and a port 919 for collection of HHO gas. The lower cylindrical member904 comprises an integral flange 920 and a lower rim 922. The integralflange 920 has a first series of threaded, spaced apart apertures 924A-Fconfigured to receive the first series of allthreads or all-thread rods(not shown). The integral flange 920 also has a second series ofthreaded, spaced apart apertures 926A-F configured to receive a secondseries of allthreads or all-thread rods (not shown). The lower rim 922is, when the dual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus is assembled,removably connected to a bottom plate 928 comprising a flange 930, theflange 930 having a series of threaded, spaced apart apertures 932A-Fconfigured to receive the second series of allthreads or all-thread rods(not shown). An electrolysis cell 934 is secured to the flanged bottomplate 928. The bottom plate 928 is configured with an electrolyteinlet/removal port 936 and positive and negative power terminal ports(938 and 940, respectively). When the dual-chamber HHO gas productionapparatus is assembled, spaced apart apertures 918A-F, 910A-F, and924A-F are aligned to receive the first series of allthreads (orall-thread rods); and spaced apart apertures 926A-F and 932A-F arealigned to receive the second series of allthreads (or all-thread rods).

In certain embodiments, for example, the dual-chamber HHO gas productionapparatus may comprise an electrolysis cell having 3 to 10 electrolysiscell plates, for example 5 cell plates. In certain embodiments, forexample, each cell plate may be between 20 sq.in. to 30 sq.in. in area,for example 24 sq.in. In certain embodiments, for example, each cellplate may be 4″ by 6″ in size. In certain embodiments, for example, ahousing (a plate holder) may hold the cell plates. In certainembodiments, for example, the housing may be made of a plastic material,for example of nylon 66. In certain embodiments, for example, nylonmaterial may completely surround the cell plates, for example cellplates may be completely enclosed.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may haveholes for aqueous electrolyte solution ingress. In certain embodiments,for example, the HHO gas production apparatus may have 3 to 10 holes,for example 4 holes, or 6 holes. In certain embodiments, for example,each hole may be 0.2″ to 1″ in diameter, for example 0.5″ in diameter.

In certain embodiments, for example, there may be an O-ring seal in aflange of an electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, theO-ring may be made of elastic material, for example Delrin 400 or ageneric acetal.

In certain embodiments, for example, generated HHO gas bubbles may becollected into an orifice extending into a nozzle in the upper chamberof the dual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus. In certainembodiments, for example, the nozzle may be made of corrosion resistantmaterial, for example of stainless steel. In certain embodiments, forexample, the nozzle may be designed to direct bubbles into the upperchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the nozzle may remainbelow the aqueous electrolyte solution line during operation. In certainembodiments, for example, contact between HHO gas and plate surface (forexample contact with platinum coated on the plates) may be avoided. Incertain embodiments, for example, aqueous electrolyte solution may flowback down through the nozzle.

In certain embodiments, for example, electrolyte may be added every 3 to10 months of operation, for example every 6 months of operation. Incertain embodiments, for example, electrolyte may be added every 5,000to 20,000 miles during on-road operation, for example every 10,000miles.

In certain embodiments, for example, the dual-chamber HHO gas productionapparatus may hold electric charge for a long time after shut-off, forexample for up to 2 hours after shut-off. In recognition of presence ofhydrogen in the HHO gas, in certain embodiments, for example, thedual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus is designed to mitigatedamages resulting from any fast pressure rise event, for example from anexplosion. In certain embodiments, for example, the system may beequipped with a fool-proof check valve, for example the entiredual-chamber HHO gas production apparatus may cooperate to provide a,minimally destructive, or non-destructive controlled pressure reliefsystem.

In certain embodiments, for example, O-rings in upper and lower chambersand elongated retaining members may be part of the minimallydestructive, non-destructive, controlled pressure-relief system. Incertain embodiments, for example, one or more of the elongated retainingmembers (for example, tie rods) may be yielding elongated members, forexample one, or two, or all tie rods may be yielding elongated members.In certain embodiments, for example, the yielding elongated members mayyield and/or stretch by a large amount, for example by at least 3/16 ofan inch if HHO gas pressure rises quickly (for example to a pressure of1500 psig or more). In certain embodiments, for example, the yieldingelongated members may yield and/or stretch by at least ¼ inch, forexample at least ½ inch, at least % inch, at least 1 inch, at least 2inches, or the yielding elongated members may stretch by at least 2.5inches. In certain embodiments, for example, the yielding elongatedmembers may stretch by less than 3 inches, for example less than 2inches, less than 1 inch, less than % inch, less than ½ inch, or theyielding elongated members may stretch by less than 1/4 inch. Incertain-embodiments, for example, stretching of the yielding elongatedmembers may create an opening with an area of 2 to 10 sq. inches, forexample an area of 2 to 5 sq. inches or 5-10 square inches. In certainembodiments, for example, there may be 2 to 10 yielding elongatedmembers, for example six yielding elongated members. In certainembodiments, for example, the yielding elongated members may be made ofsteel, for example of 316L stainless steel. In certain embodiments, forexample, pressure relief may occur during a period in the range of 0.05to 2 milliseconds to relieve pressure, for example in the range of 0.05to 0.075 milliseconds, in the range of 0.075 to 0.1 milliseconds, in therange of 0.1 to 0.25 milliseconds, in the range of 0.25 to 1milliseconds, or pressure relief may occur during a period of 1 to 2milliseconds.

In certain embodiments, for example, the yielding elongated members maybe forged metal rods with a thread cut into them. In certainembodiments, for example, the thread may be applied along the fulllength the yielding elongated members. In certain embodiments, forexample, the yielding elongated members may be designed to avoid stressrisers, for example designed to ensure that the yielding elongatedmembers stretch uniformly. In certain embodiments, for example, theyielding elongated members may be equipped with a washer and a nyloc nuton each end. In certain embodiments, for example, nyloc nuts may be madeof stainless steel. In certain embodiments, for example, the yieldingelongated members may be assembled with 50 to 100 lb-in of torque, forexample 75 lb-in of torque. In certain embodiments, for example, alubricant may be used on the threads to achieve the correct torque.

In certain embodiments, for example, the upper chamber and the lowerchamber may be in fluid communication with each other. In certainembodiments, for example, an ignition source may be in the lowerchamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the dual-chamber HHO gasproduction apparatus may be designed so that no components leave the HHOgas production system during a fast pressure rise. In certainembodiments, for example, the dual-chamber HHO gas production apparatusmay be designed so that the weakest links in the system are the yieldingelongated members, for example all other components are tougher that theyielding elongated members. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHOgas production system may be designed to accommodate HHO gas pressure ofup to 2000 psig, up to 1500 psig, up to 1000 psig, up to 500 psig, or upto 300 psig.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be used for carryingother liquids and/or munitions besides aqueous electrolyte solution forelectrolysis.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system may be scalable. Incertain embodiments, for example, the system may be scaled up byincreasing a number of the yielding elongated members. In certainembodiments, for example, the system may be scaled up by increasingdiameter of the yielding elongated members.

In certain embodiments, for example, the top plate may be 0.2 to 1 inchthink, for example 3/8 of an inch thick. In certain embodiments, forexample, the top plate may be made of steel, for example of 304stainless steel. In certain embodiments, for example, the top plate maybe made of the same material as the side wall of the electrolysis cell.In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas production system maybe equipped with one or more O-rings to seal top plate above the sidewall. In certain embodiments, for example, there may be a ball valve inthe center of the top plate.

In certain embodiments, for example, the middle plate may be dished atan angle to enhance collection of the HHO gas.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas production system mayhave a float switch. In certain embodiments, for example, the floatswitch may open when orientation of the HHO gas production systemdeviates from vertical by a large amount, for example by 5° off thevertical, or by 10° off the vertical, or by 20° off the vertical, by 30°off the vertical, or by 45° off the vertical or in a range of between10° to 45° off the vertical, for example, in a range of between 10° to25° off the vertical. In certain embodiments, for example, the floatswitch may operate like a Hall Effect switch. In certain embodiments,for example, the float switch may have wires attached to it, for examplethree wires. In certain embodiments, for example, the wires may includeone voltage in wire, and two voltage out wires (i.e., wires for thermaland float). In certain embodiments, for example, an anti-slosh devicemay hold the float. In certain embodiments, for example, the floatswitch may be guided by a centering rod.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas production system maybe equipped with a controller. In certain embodiments, for example, thecontroller may have a touchscreen display. In certain embodiments, forexample, the controller may have 100 to 1000 wire plugs, for example 237wire plugs. In certain embodiments, for example, the controller may beable to communicate with the engine control module (ECM). In certainembodiments, for example, the controller may use OEM sensors, forexample a flywheel based OEM sensor for rpm measurement.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas production system maygenerate very little power drop on the ECM side (for example the ECM maynot notice a presence of the system). In certain embodiments, forexample, the controller may connect directly to the OEM sensors. Incertain embodiments, for example, sensors may include a fuel injectorsensor, an rpm (crank) sensor, and MAP (manifold air pressure) sensor.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas production system maybe used as a retrofit device. In certain embodiments, for example, theHHO gas production system may have fuel maps. In certain embodiments,for example, the HHO gas production system optionally may connect to theECM. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas production systemmay not require modification of factory computer software. In certainembodiments, for example, the HHO gas production system may be designedto inject only a small amount of HHO gas into an engine, for example sosmall that the ECM does not notice system's presence. In certainembodiments, for example, a limit for amount of HHO gas injection may be10% to 30% of HHO gas, for example 18% of HHO gas, or 26% of HHO gas.

FIG. 10 schematically depicts a combustion cycle within a combustionchamber 1000 of a representative cylinder of a four-stroke internalcombustion engine. At the start of the cycle, the piston 1004 is atapproximately Top Dead Center of a crankshaft rotation, and compressedfuel ignites in the presence of HHO gas and expands in a power stroke todrive the piston 1004 downward until the crankshaft rotates through 180°and brings the piston to Bottom Dead Center as shown. At the bottom ofthe power stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the upward stroke of thepiston 1004 drives the exhausted fuel out of the combustion chamber1000, bringing the crankshaft to a rotation of 360°. During the intakestroke, the piston moves downward and the crankshaft rotates from 360°to 540°, drawing a fresh charge of air through an air intake valve 1002.During a 1-3 ms portion of the intake stroke when the crankshaft rotatesthrough a stroke range of between 360° to 400° 1006, HHO gas is injectedwith the fresh charge of air. The HHO gas injection may be continuousover the stroke range or may be pulsed. The 1-3 ms portion of the intakestroke may be in the range of 1-1.5 ms, 1.5-2 ms, or 2-3 ms). Once theintake stroke is completed, the HHO gas and air are compressed until thecrankshaft rotates through 720°, followed by a new power cycle.

While FIG. 10 describes an embodiment of the invention, other variationsfall within scope of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, forexample, HHO gas may be injected when the crankshaft rotates through astroke range of between 360° to 540°, for example between 360° to 500°,between 360° to 450°, between 360° to 425°, between 360° to 395°,between 360° to 390°, between 360° to 380°, between 365° to 500°,between 365° to 450°, between 365° to 425°, between 365° to 395°,between 365° to 390°, between 365° to 380°, between 380° to 500°,between 380° to 450°, between 380° to 425°, between 380° to 395°,between 380° to 390°, between 400° to 500°, between 400° to 450°, orbetween 400° to 425°, between 425° to 500°, between 425° to 450°, or HHOgas may be injected when the crankshaft rotates through a stroke rangeof between 450° to 500°. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHOgas injection may be continuous throughout the stroke range. In certainembodiments, for example, the HHO gas injection may be pulsed throughoutthe stroke range.

In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas injectors may have metaltubes, for example copper tubes, to carry HHO gas to the engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the ends of tubes may be solderedshut. In certain embodiments, for example, an orifice may be drilled inthe soldered end of the tube. In certain embodiments, for example, theorifice diameter may be 10 to 50 thousands of an inch in diameter (forexample 16 thousands of an inch in diameter).

In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas injectors may be connectedin a daisy chain on the power side. In certain embodiments, for example,HHO gas injectors may take 1 to 20 milliamps of electric current, forexample 5 milliamps of electric current. In certain embodiments, forexample, the power may be turned on for 1 to 3 milliseconds every enginecylinder cycle, for example for 1.35 milliseconds. In certainembodiments, for example, HHO gas injection may be timed with respect tothe engine intake valve opening.

In certain embodiments, for example, copper tubes may be passed throughthe wall of the intake manifold. In certain embodiments, for example,copper tubes may be free floating inside the intake manifold. In certainembodiments, for example, one or more openings may be drilled in anintake manifold or in a valve cover of the engine, for example to assistwith an installation of the tubes. In certain embodiments, for example,each opening may be 5 to 50 mm in diameter, for example 10 mm indiameter.

FIGS. 11(A-C) schematically depict a cylindrical dual chamber vessel invarious orientations, the dual chamber vessel having a rolloverabatement system. FIG. 11A depicts the vessel 1100 in an uprightorientation. A lower chamber 1102 is completely filled with electrolyteand has electrolysis plates 1104 with power connectors 1122A and 1122Bdisposed therein. The lower chamber 1102 and an upper chamber 1106 areseparated by a middle plate 1108, the middle plate 1108 defining anorifice 1110 though which electrolyte and HHO gas may be communicatedbetween the chambers. The upper chamber 1106 is filled with electrolyteup to a predetermined level above the middle plate 1108, and at thepredetermined level the electrolyte defines a free surface 1112 thatcontacts HHO gas in a vapor space 1114 above the electrolyte. HHO gas isreleased from the vapor space 1114 under controlled conditions throughan outlet 1116 equipped with a check valve 1118. The middle plate 1108is equipped with a rollover abatement nozzle 1120 configured to providea liquid seal to the lower chamber 1102 under any orientation of thedual chamber vessel 1100, provided that the predetermined level ofelectrolyte in the upper chamber 1106 is maintained at a minimum heightabove the nozzle 1120 in the upright orientation as described furtherherein. FIG. 11B shows the vessel 1100 tilted at an approximately 45°angle to the right. As shown, the free surface 1112 remains above adistal end of the nozzle 1120, and the lower chamber remains underliquid seal. FIG. 11C shows the vessel 1100 fully inverted. As shown,the distal end of the nozzle 1120 now penetrates the free surface 1112,thereby maintaining a liquid seal of the lower chamber. Of note, theelectrolysis plates 1104 are immersed in electrolyte and isolated fromthe HHO gas, which HHO gas is retained in the upper chamber 1106 abovethe free surface 1112 as shown.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel forimproving the performance of an internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be a lightduty high speed diesel engine, a light heavy-duty diesel engine, amedium duty diesel engine, a medium heavy-duty diesel engine, a heavyheavy-duty diesel engine, a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, alocomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine, a generator setengine, a spark-ignition engine, a compression-ignition engine, nonroadcompression-ignition engine, a naturally aspirated engine, aturbocharged engine, a turbocompound engine, a supercharged engine, adirect injection engine, an indirect injection engine, a port injectionengine, a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, amethanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a propaneengine, or an alternative fuel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayprovide power to one or more vehicles or gensets. In certainembodiments, for example, one of the one or more vehicles may be apassenger car, a light duty vehicle, a medium duty passenger vehicle, atruck (for example a passenger truck or a delivery truck), a light dutytruck, a medium duty truck, a heavy duty truck, an urban bus, amotorcycle, a passenger car, a four tire single unit vehicle, a bus, atwo axle six tire single unit vehicle, a three axle single unit vehicle,a four or more axle single unit vehicle, a four or less axle singletrailer vehicle, a five axle tractor semitrailer, a six or more axlesinge trailer, a five or less axle multi-trailer, a six axlemulti-trailer, a seven or more axle multi-trailer, a Class 1 vehicle, aClass 2 vehicle, a Class 3 vehicle, a Class 4 vehicle, a Class 5vehicle, a Class 6 vehicle, a Class 7 vehicle, a Class 8 vehicle (forexample a Class 8 truck), a Class 9 vehicle, a Class 10 vehicle, a Class11 vehicle, a Class 12 vehicle, a Class 13 vehicle a Category M vehicle,a Category M1 vehicle, a Category M2 vehicle, a Category M3 vehicle, aCategory N1-I vehicle, a Category N1-II vehicle, a Category N1-IIIvehicle, a Category N2 vehicle, a Category N3 vehicle, a road vehicle,an offroad vehicle, a vessel, a boat, a marine vehicle (for example apleasure boat), or an aircraft. In certain embodiments, for example, theone of many gensets may be a residential genset or a commercial gensetor an industrial genset or a genset equipped with a 4-cylinder engine,or a 6-cylinder engine or between a 6-20 cylinder engine, or a8-cylinder engine or from an 8- to 12-cylinder engine and the engine maybe a mixed fuel engine, a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, and/or anatural gas engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a Class 8 truckcomprising a heavy duty diesel engine. In certain further embodiments,for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may have a displacement in therange of 11-16 liters, for example in the range of 14-15 liters. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel enginemay have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm, for example 2100 rpm. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel enginemay provide 1600-2000 ft-lb peak torque. In certain further embodiments,for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to produce430-500 hp.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a delivery truckcomprising a medium duty diesel engine. In certain further embodiments,for example, the medium duty diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder inlineengine. In certain embodiments, for example, the medium duty dieselengine may have a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle (for example a DodgeRam truck or a Ford F150 truck) may be a light truck comprising a lightduty high speed diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, forexample, the light duty high speed diesel engine may have a displacementin the range of 2-6 liters. In certain embodiments, for example, thelight duty high speed diesel engine may have an engine speed of4000-4500 rpm. In certain embodiments, for example, the light duty highspeed diesel engine may be sized to produce 200-250 hp. In certainembodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel engine may bea 6-cylinder inline engine, a V6 engine, or a V8 engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a pleasure boatcomprising an internal combustion engine having a displacement in therange of 4-20 liters, for example a displacement in the range of 4-8liters, or the internal combustion engine having a displacement in therange of 8-18 liters.

In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may be a generator setengine having a displacement in the range of 6-60 liters. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, the generator set engine may be a V8,V12, V16, or V20 engine having an engine displacement of 2-6 liters percylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, the generator set enginemay be sized to produce more than 1000 hp, for example the generator setengine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis cell. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise apressure-resistant container. In certain further embodiments, forexample, the pressure-resistant container may be configured andoptionally rated to maintain a pressure in excess of 25 psig, forexample a pressure in excess of 50 psig, in excess of 75 psig, in excessof 100 psig, or the pressure-resistant container may be configured andoptionally rated to maintain a pressure in excess of 150 psig. Incertain embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container maybe configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 100psig, a pressure of up to 125 psig, up to 150 psig, or thepressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated tomaintain a pressure of up to 200 psig.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may furthercomprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when a pressure ofgas inside the container exceeds 25 psig, for example a pressure inexcess of 50 psig, in excess of 80 psig, in excess of 100 psig, inexcess of 150 psig, or the electrolysis cell may further comprise apressure relief valve configured to open when a pressure of gas insidethe container exceeds 200 psig.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may furthercomprise a first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of anaqueous electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, thefirst defined space may be configured to hold a volume of theelectrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for atleast 1 day of operation of a host engine (i.e., an engine or enginesthe electrolysis cell is supplying second fuel to), for example at least2 days of operation, at least 1 week of operation, at least 2 weeks ofoperation, at least 3 weeks of operation, at least 1 month of operation,at least 2 months of operation, at least 3 months of operation, or thefirst defined space may be configured to hold a volume of theelectrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for atleast 6 months of operation of the host engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may beconfigured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas toa truck for at least 200 miles of driving, for example at least 400miles of driving, at least 800 miles of driving, at least 1,200 miles ofdriving, at least 5,000 miles of driving, at least 10,000 miles ofdriving, at least 20,000 miles of driving, or the first defined spacemay be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHOgas to a truck for at least 30,000 miles of driving. In certainembodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured tohold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck forat least 400,000 crankshaft rotations, for example at least 800,000crankshaft rotations, at least 1,600,000 crankshaft rotations, at least2,400,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 10,000,000 crankshaftrotations, at least 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 40,000,000crankshaft rotations, or the first defined space may be configured tohold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck forat least 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations.

In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may not beintegrated into the high-pressure container where the HHO gas generatoris housed. The second defined space may be a separate high-pressurehousing configured to receive HHO gas or be detachably connected to theHHO generator (for example for remote or portable delivery). In certainembodiments, for example, the separate second defined space may serve asan additional storage of HHO gas, a primary storage or secondary storagefor HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the solution maycomprise water and one or more electrolytes. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may comprise ametal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. Incertain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may beselected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NaCl,K₂CO₃, KHCO₃, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.

In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may beconfigured to hold at least 1-quart of the electrolyte solution, forexample at least ½ gallon, at least 1 gallon, or the first defined spacemay be configured to hold at least 5 gallons of the electrolytesolution.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution maycomprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration of one ormore electrolytes of less than 5 vol. % (in total) relative to the totalvolume of the electrolyte solution, for example less 4 vol. %, less than3 vol. %, less than 2 vol. %, less than 1 vol. %, less than 0.5 vol. %,less than 0.4 vol. %, less than 0.35 vol. %, less than 0.3 vol. %, lessthan 0.25 vol. %, less than 0.2 vol. %, or the electrolyte solution maycomprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration of one ormore electrolytes of less than 0.1 vol. % (in total) relative to thetotal volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, forexample, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous electrolytesolution with a concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of0.1-5 vol. %, for example in the range of 0.5-3 vol. %, in the range of1.5-3 vol. %, in the range of 0.1-1 vol. %, in the range of 0.1-0.5 vol.%, in the range of 0.2-0.4 vol. %, or the electrolyte solution maycomprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration ofelectrolyte in the range of 0.25-0.35 vol. % (in total) relative to thetotal volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution. In certainembodiments, for example, the aqueous electrolyte solution may comprisean aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration of one or moreelectrolytes of less than 5 wt. % (in total) relative to the totalweight of the aqueous electrolyte solution, for example less 4 wt. %,less than 3 wt. %, less than 2 wt. %, less than 1 wt. %, less than 0.5wt. %, less than 0.4 wt. %, less than 0.35 wt. %, less than 0.3 wt. %,less than 0.25 wt. %, less than 0.2 wt. %, or the aqueous electrolytesolution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with aconcentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.1 wt. % (intotal) relative to the total weight of the aqueous electrolyte solution.In certain embodiments, for example, the aqueous electrolyte solutionmay comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration of oneor electrolytes in the range of 0.1-5 wt. %, for example in the range of0.5-3 wt. %, in the range of 1.5-3 wt. %, in the range of 0.1-1 wt. %,in the range of 0.1-0.5 wt. %, in the range of 0.2-0.4 wt. %, or theaqueous electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous electrolytesolution with a concentration of electrolyte in the range of 0.25-0.35wt. % (in total) relative to the total weight of the aqueous electrolytesolution.

In certain embodiments, for example, the aqueous electrolyte solutionmay have a pH in the range of 3-11, for example a pH in the range of4-10, in the range of 5-9, in the range of 6-9, in the range of 7-9, inthe range of 3-4, in the range of 4-5, in the range of 5-6, in the rangeof 6-7, in the range of 7-8, in the range of 8-9, or the aqueouselectrolyte solution may have a pH in the range of 7.75-8.25.

In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may beselected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NaCl,K₂CO₃, KHCO₃, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell maycomprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of one ormore electrolytes present in the aqueous electrolyte solution may beselected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide an average (or maximum)current draw of less than 20 amps (for example less than 10 amps) at theoperating voltage and temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, the electrolyte concentration may belower than the concentration of electrolyte a conventional electrolysiscell. In certain embodiments, for example, the aqueous electrolytesolution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certain embodiments, forexample, the electrolysis cell may be operated continuously (for examplewithout pulsed width modulation) for a period of time (for example atleast 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely)without overheating, for example without heating to a temperature inexcess of 65° C. In certain further embodiments, for example, an abilityto operate the electrolysis cell continuously without overheating may bedue at least in part to a low electrolyte concentration in the aqueouselectrolyte solution and/or a current draw of less than 15 amps (forexample less than 10 amps). In certain embodiments, for example, theaqueous electrolyte solution may comprise a low quantity of potassiumcarbonate (for example 0.3 wt. % potassium carbonate) and have a pH inthe range of 7-8.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may furthercomprise a plurality of electrolysis plates. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates maycomprise in the range of 5-15 plates, for example in the range of 7-12plates, or the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise in therange of 5-8 plates.

In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality ofelectrolysis plates may have a thickness in the range of 0.25-3 mm, forexample in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm, or the plurality of electrolysisplates may have a thickness in the of 1-2 mm.

In certain embodiments, for example, a first one of the plurality ofelectrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range of 0.25-8mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of plates, for example afirst one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at adistance in the range of 0.5-3 mm from a second adjacent one of theplurality of plates.

In certain embodiments, for example, the plates may comprise (forexample be composed of or be partially or completely coated with) amaterial that is composed of or comprises a highly conductive and lowcorrosivity material, for example a material with a higher conductivityhigher than 304 stainless steel and a corrosivity in the electrolyteenvironment of about the same or less than 304 stainless steel. Incertain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of at least onesurface of at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates maycomprise platinum, titanium, iridium, brass, gold, nickel alloy, silver,graphene or a combination of one or more thereof. In certainembodiments, for example, at least one of the electrode plates (forexample all of the electrode plates) may comprise a first materialcoated on a second material. In certain embodiments, for example, thefirst material may comprise platinum, titanium, iridium, brass, gold,nickel alloy, silver, steel (for example stainless steel), or grapheneand the second material may comprise platinum, titanium, iridium, brass,gold, nickel alloy, silver, steel (for example stainless steel), orgraphene. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one of theelectrode plates (for example all of the electrode plates) may compriseiridium coated on titanium (or stainless steel). In certain embodiments,for example, the at least one of the electrode plates (for example allof the electrode plates) may comprise graphene coated on titanium (orstainless steel).

In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of plates may beconfigured as a stack of approximately parallel plates in fixed relationcomprising two end plates and remaining plates spaced an approximatelyequal distance between adjacent plates. In certain further embodiments,for example, the positive terminal may be attached to one of the endplates and the negative terminal may be attached to the other of the endplates. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality ofelectrolysis plates may be fully immersed in the aqueous electrolytesolution. In certain embodiments, for example, the positive terminal andthe negative terminal may be in electrical and or electrochemicalcommunication only or at least substantially through the plurality ofplates and electrolyte solution present in the regions between adjacentplates. In certain embodiments, for example, electrical and/orelectrochemical communication through the plurality of plates andelectrolyte solution present in the regions between adjacent plates maybe increased (for example maximized) by insulating a portion of theplurality of plates, for example by seating the stack of plates in aslot of the pressurized container and/or at least partially isolatingthe fluid situated between adjacent plates in a plate stack withspacers, gaskets, and or sealants between the adjacent plates.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprisecooling coils in the first defined space, whereby heat may be removedfrom the aqueous electrolyte solution.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may storeair-free HHO gas and/or air-free HHO gas may be injected at one or morepoints about an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, forexample the stored and/or injected air-free HHO gas may contain lessthan 5 wt. % air, less than 1 wt. % air, less than 1000 ppm air, lessthan 500 ppm air, less than 250 ppm air, or less than 100 ppm air.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprisea second defined space provisioned to contain and/or store HHO gas. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the second defined space maycontain and/or store air-free HHO gas. In certain embodiments, forexample, the second defined space may have a volume of at least 1 quart,at least 2 quarts, at least 1 gallon, at least 2 gallons, at least 5gallons, at least 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have avolume of at least 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, thesecond defined space may have a volume of less than 1 gallon, less than5 gallons, less than 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have avolume of less than 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, theHHO gas may degrade, be changed, and/or be less effective (for examplebe at least partially reacted or quenched) by exposure to air. Incertain embodiments, for example, the HHO may be stored air-free (or atleast substantially air-free) for at least 2 weeks (for example at least1 month) without any noticeable change in performance when used as asecond fuel in the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providingHHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysiscell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas flow regulator configured tostart and stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to aplurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In certainfurther embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressureregulator may be controlled to have a temperature of greater than 35°C., for example of greater than 40° C., of greater than 50° C., ofgreater than 60° C., or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator maybe controlled to have a temperature of greater than 70° C.

In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gaspressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of less than90° C., for example less than 80° C., less than 70° C., less than 60°C., or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled tohave a temperature less than 45° C. In certain further embodiments, forexample, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled tohave a temperature in the range of 5-80° C., for example in the range of10-80° C., in the range of 5-75° C., in the range of 10-70° C., in therange of 10-60° C., in the range of 10-55° C., in the range of 20-80°C., in the range of 10-80° C., of less than 90° C., for example lessthan 80° C., less than 70° C., less than 60° C., or the gas exiting thegas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature less than45° C.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providingHHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysiscell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harnesscomprising a plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to aplurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of lances may beequal to a number of the plurality of the injectors. In certainembodiments, for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lancesmay comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of theplurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at leasta third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a thirdoutlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet maybe positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or theat least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a an airflow port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internalcombustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least secondoutlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of asecond cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a thirdoutlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches,within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125inches, or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1inches) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the plurality ofcylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outletmay be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, orthe at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of anengine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve seats of the internalcombustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least asecond outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a second enginevalve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at least athird outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within0.1 inches) of a third engine valve seat of the plurality of enginevalve seats. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least oneoutlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches,within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches)of an orifice of an intake value of a cylinder of a plurality ofcylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a secondoutlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches,within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125inches, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1inches) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of theplurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may bepositioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or theat least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of anorifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of the plurality ofcylinders.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providingHHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysiscell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harnesscomprising a plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to aplurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of lances may beequal to a number of the plurality of the injectors. In certainembodiments, for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lancesmay comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of theplurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at leasta third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a thirdoutlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet maybe positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm,within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least oneoutlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port of acylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine,the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for examplewithin 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125cm, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of anair flow port of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, andthe at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for examplewithin 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125cm, or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) ofan air flow port of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. Incertain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may bepositioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least one outlet maybe positioned within 0.1 cm) of an engine valve seat of a plurality ofengine valve seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least asecond outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm,within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the atleast a second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a secondengine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the atleast a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, orthe at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a thirdengine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In certainembodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positionedwithin 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm,within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least one outlet may bepositioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake value of a cylinderof a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the atleast a second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, orthe at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of anorifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of the plurality ofcylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm(for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm,within 0.125 cm, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of theplurality of cylinders.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for on-demanddelivery of HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: anelectrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, a controller, and an HHOinjection apparatus. In certain further embodiments, for example, thecontroller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhausttemperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or morepre-determined temperatures. In certain further embodiments, thecontroller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhausttemperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds 50° C., forexample when the exhaust temperature excess 75° C., 100° C., 150 ° C.,175° C., or the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when anexhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds 200° C. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the controller may increasethe injection of HHO gas by in the range of 1-5 wt. % when an exhausttemperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more of theforegoing pre-determined temperatures, for example the controller mayincrease the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 5-10 wt. %,increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 10-20 wt. %,increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 20-50 wt. %,increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 50-100 wt. %,increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 100-150 wt. %, orthe controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of150-200 wt. % when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustionengine exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined temperatures

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard,on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine (forexample for a vehicle), comprising: an electrolysis cell configured toproduce a required amount of HHO gas; and an HHO gas delivery systemconfigured to distribute the HHO gas to the internal combustion engine.In certain embodiments, for example, distribution of the HHO gas maycomprise delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gas from theelectrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice (for example within3 inches of the at least one orifice) of a combustion chamber intakevalve, wherein said portion of the HHO gas is not introduced to or mixedwith combustion intake air until said portion reaches said position anddelivering a pre-determined amount of a portion of the HHO gas at apre-determined time relative to the position of the piston operatingwithin the combustion chamber and/or firing of that combustion chamber.In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayprovide power to a vehicle and the pre-determined amount of HHO gas maybe generated by electrolyzing in the range of 2-30 ounces of electrolytesolution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, forexample in the range of 3-16 ounces of electrolyte solution, in therange of 4-10, or the required amount of HHO gas may be generated byelectrolyzing in the range of 5-7 ounces (for example 6 ounces) ofelectrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaftrevolutions. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required amountof HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000 liters per 10,000 miles orper 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of 25°C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the range of 300-900liters, in the range of 400-800 liters, in the range of 500-700 liters,or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 600-700 litersper 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on agas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere.

In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas maybe in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaftrotations, based on a gas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1atmosphere, for example in the range of 2-7 liters, in the range of3-4.5 liters, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of3.5-4.5 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on agas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere. In certainembodiments, for example, the foregoing ranges of the required amount ofHHO gas may correspond to an average hourly requirement over typicaldriving conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over10,000 miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typicaldriving conditions applicable to the vehicle.

In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas maybe in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaftrotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20° C. of thetemperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50psia, for example in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-4liters, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 2-3liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gastemperature of within 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and apressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, forexample, the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas maycorrespond to an average hourly requirement over typical drivingconditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 milesor over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving conditionsapplicable to the vehicle.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard,on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine for avehicle, comprising: an electrolysis cell capable of delivering arequired amount of HHO gas of at least 1 liter of HHO. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capable ofdelivering at least 1.5 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutionsof the crankshaft of the engine, for example at least 2 liters, at least3 liters, at least 4 liters, at least 5 liters, at least 6 liters, atleast 7 liters, at least 10 liters, at least 20 liters, or theelectrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at least 30 liters of HHOgas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capableof delivering in the range of 1-10 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example in the range of1-8 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 2-7 liters of HHO gas, or theelectrolysis cell may be capable of delivering in the range of 2-5liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of theengine. In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above valuesand/or ranges of the required amount may be based on the volume of HHOgas delivered from an electrolysis cell at the outlet pressure of theelectrolysis cell (for example 45-50 psia). In certain embodiments, forexample, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amountmay be based on a volume of HHO gas as calculated at a standardtemperature and pressure (for example, a standard temperature of 25° C.and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere). In certain embodiments, forexample, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amountmay be based on the volume of the HHO gas at the outlet temperature andpressure of an engine coolant-cooled flow regulator in communicationwith at least one HHO gas injector (for example an outlet temperaturewithin 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant entering the flowregulator and a pressure of 45 psi above an inlet air pressure of theinternal combustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may store avolume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gasfor at least 5,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustionengine, for example at least 10,000 crankshaft revolutions, 15,000crankshaft revolutions, 20,000 crankshaft revolutions, or theelectrolysis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliverthe required amount of HHO gas for at least 50,000 crankshaftrevolutions of the internal combustion engine. In certain furtherembodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysis cell maynot exceed 80° C. during operation, for example the temperature of theelectrolysis cell may not exceed may not exceed 65° C. during operation.In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysiscell may not exceed 25° C. above ambient temperature.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may bepowered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range of 11-30 VDC,for example 11-14 VDC, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DCpower source having a voltage in the range of 20-28 VDC. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DCpower source having a voltage of 24 VDC, or the electrolysis cell may bepowered by a DC power source having a voltage of 28 VDC.

In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell maycomprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration ofelectrolyte present in the aqueous electrolyte solution may be selected,maintained, and/or adjusted to provide an average (or maximum) currentdraw of less than 20 amps, 15 amps, or less than 10 amps at theoperating temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments,for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on lessthan 250 watts of DC power, for example the electrolysis cell may beconfigured to operate on less than 150 watts of DC power. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured tohave less than 20 ohm of resistance, for example less than 10 ohm, lessthan 5 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than3 ohm of resistance. In certain embodiments, for example, theelectrolysis cell may be configured to have at least 1 ohm ofresistance, for example at least 2 ohm, at least 3 ohm, at least 5 ohm,at least 10 ohm, at least 20 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may beconfigured to have at least 30 ohm of resistance.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method, apparatus, orsystem to deliver HHO gas into one or more cylinders of an internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, less than 0.05liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be deliveredto each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa(for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110kPa), less than 0.025 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinderdisplacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at apressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), less than 0.01 liter of the HHO gas perliter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one ormore cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), or less than 0.005liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be deliveredto each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa(for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110kPa).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method for reducing one ormore emissions of an internal combustion engine, comprising: controllinga temperature of an HHO gas by exchanging heat with an engine coolant;and delivering an HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at least oneintake port of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,one or more than one (including for instance all) of the followingembodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof.In certain embodiments, for example, one or more engine-out emissions ofthe internal combustion engine may fall within or meet one or moreregulated emission limits for the internal combustion engine accordingto one or more emission standards specified in Europe (for example theEuro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV, Euro V, or Euro VI emissionstandards) and/or by the Environmental Protection Agency (for examplethe 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, or 2014 Environmental Protection Agencyemission standards).

In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more engine-outemissions may be particulate matter (PM) emissions, nitrogen oxide (NOx)emissions, nitric oxide (NO) emissions, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)emissions, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, total hydrocarbon (THC)emissions, non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions, hydrocarbon andnitrogen oxide (HC+NOx) emissions, nitrogen oxide and non-methanehydrocarbon (NOx+NMHC) emissions, carbon oxide (CO) emissions, carbondioxide (CO₂) emissions, fine particle (PM_(2.5)) emissions, ultrafineparticle (PM_(0.1)) emissions, number of particles (PN) emissions,non-methane organic gases (NMOG) emissions, formaldehyde (HCHO)emissions, or a combination of one or more of the foregoing emissions.

In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulatedemission limits may be based on one or more test procedures. In certainembodiments, for example, the one or more test procedures may be theFederal Test Procedure (FTP), the Environmental Protection AgencyTransient Test Procedure, the Not-to-Exceed (NTE) test, the SupplementalEmission Test (SET), the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), theFTP 72 cycle, the FTP 75 cycle, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule(UDDS), the US06 test or Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), theLA92 “Unified” Dynamometer Driving Schedule, the New European DrivingCycle test (NEDC), the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), the ECE UrbanDriving Cycle, the Common Artemis Driving Cycles (CADC), the ADACHighway Cycle, the RTS 95 Cycle, the ECE R49 cycle, the ESC (OICA)cycle, the ELR cycle, the ETC (FIGE) cycle, the Exhaust EmissionStandards for Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines, according to 40C.F.R. Part 89 Subpart E, according to 40 C.F.R. Part 1039 Subpart F, ora combination of two or more thereof.

In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulatedemission limits may be a PM level of less than 1.0 grams perkilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr), for example a PM level of less than 0.02g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or moreregulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than 0.25 grams perkilometer (g/km), for example a PM level of less than 0.005 g/km. Incertain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulatedemission limits may be a NOx level of less than 15.8 g/kWh, for examplea NOx level of less than 0.268 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, forexample, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NOxlevel of less than 0.78 g/km, for example a NOx level of less than 0.012g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or moreregulated emission limits may be an HC level of less than 2.6 g/kWh, forexample an HC level of less than 0.13 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, forexample, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a THClevel of less than 0.29 g/km a THC level of less than 0.10 g/km. Incertain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulatedemission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 1.3 g/kW-hr, forexample an NMHC level of less than 0.19 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments,for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be anNMHC level of less than 0.108 g/km, for example an NMHC level of lessthan 0.068 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one ormore regulated emission limits may be an NMHC+NOx level of less than21.4 g/kW-hr, for example an NMHC+NOx level of less than 4.0 g/kW-hr. Incertain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulatedemission limits may be an HC+NOx level of less than 1.7 g/km, forexample an HC+NOx level of less than 0.170 g/km. In certain embodiments,for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be aCO level of less than 53.6 g/kW-hr, for example a CO level of less than1.0 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or moreregulated emission limits may be a CO level of less than 6.9 g/km, forexample a CO level of less than 0.50 g/km. In certain embodiments, forexample, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NMOGlevel of less than 0.28 g/mi, for example a NMOG level of less than 0.01g/mi. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or moreregulated emission limits may be an HCHO level of less than 0.032 g/mi,for example an HCHO level of less than 0.004 g/mi. In certainembodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emissionlimits may be a PN level of less than 6*10¹², for example a PN level ofless than 6*10¹¹.

In certain embodiments, for example, the methods, systems, and/orapparatus of the present disclosure may comprise a heat exchangerconfigured to receive an HHO gas stream. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may be configured to heat the HHO gasstream. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may beconfigured to cool the HHO gas stream. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat exchanger may be configured to receive a heat transfermedium to heat or cool the HHO gas stream. In certain embodiments, forexample, the rate of heat transfer medium passed through the heatexchanger may be controlled to maintain the HHO gas stream at atemperature within a predetermined range or proximate a temperature setpoint (for example within ±2° F., within ±5° F., within ±10° F., within±15° F., or within ±20° F. of the a temperature set point). In certainembodiments, for example, the heat transfer medium may be an enginecoolant stream. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat transfermedium may be an engine exhaust stream. In certain embodiments, forexample, the heat transfer medium may be a diesel particulate filter(DPF) burner exhaust stream. In certain embodiments, for example, theheat exchanger may be integral with an HHO gas generation system. Incertain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be part of anHHO gas distribution system.

The heat exchanger may be any suitable heat exchanger. In certainembodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be a shell and tubeheat exchanger wherein the HHO gas stream enters a first end of a tubeportion of the heat exchanger through an inlet, passes thorough an innerchannel defined by the tube portion, and exits the heat exchangerthrough a second end of the tube. In this embodiment, for example, theheat transfer medium (for example engine exhaust gas and/or enginecoolant) may flow through an outer channel defined by a shell portion ofthe heat exchanger. In certain other embodiments, for example, the heattransfer medium may flow through the inner channel and the HHO gas mayflow through the outer channel. In certain embodiments, for example, theshell and tube heat exchanger may be operated in a parallel flowconfiguration. In certain embodiments, for example, the shell and tubeheat exchanger may be operated in a countercurrent flow configuration.In certain embodiments, for example, the tube portion may be a straighttube (for example a ⅛ inch thick copper or steel tube having a workinglength in the range of 3-8 inches). Other types of heat exchangers arecontemplated. In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchangermay be in a spiral configuration. In certain embodiments, for example,the heat exchanger may a plate-and-frame heat exchanger. In certainembodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be a rotating bed heatexchanger.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHOgas to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered at a controlledtemperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlledtemperature may be within 20° C. of an engine coolant temperature (forexample the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side ofa heat exchanger positioned upstream of the combustion chamber, such aspositioned proximate a regulator for HHO gas flow into the combustionchamber), for example the temperature may be within 15° C., within 10°C., or the controlled temperature may be within 5° C. of an enginecoolant temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, thecontrolled temperature may be no more than 20° C. above an enginecoolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolantsupplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example thetemperature may be no more than 15° C., no more than 10° C., or thecontrolled temperature may be no more than 5° C. above an engine coolanttemperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlledtemperature may be no more than 20° C. below an engine coolanttemperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied toan inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example the temperature may beno more than 15° C., no more than 10° C., or the controlled temperaturemay be no more than 5° C. below an engine coolant temperature.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be under pressurewhen introduced to an internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure inthe range of 50-500 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of thecombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, for example in therange of 50-300 kPa above the pressure of an intake port, in the rangeof 100-200 kPa, in the range of 45-50 psi, or the HHO gas may beintroduced at a pressure in the range of 100-150 kPa above the pressureof an intake port of the combustion chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at apressure in the range of 45-50 psi above the pressure of an intake portcombustion chamber and at a temperature within 30° C. of an inletcoolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger. In certainembodiments, for example, use of the engine coolant to control thetemperature of the HHO gas and/or controlling the introduction pressureof the HHO gas (for example by using a pressure regulator) may allowpre-determined amounts of the HHO gas to be introduced to the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the aforesaidtemperature and/or pressure controls may provide more precise controlover the amount of HHO gas introduced into the internal combustionengine in comparison to a system lacking said controls (for example atraditional system for introducing electrolysis gases into an internalcombustion engine).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayinclude gasoline engines, diesel engines, turbocharged diesel engines,supercharged diesel engines, direct injection diesel engines,trunk-piston diesel engines, crosshead diesel engines, marine dieselengines, locomotive diesel engines, low-speed diesel engines,medium-speed diesel engines, high-speed diesel engines, double-actingdiesel engines, 2-stroke engines, 4-stroke engines and combinationsthereof. In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustionengines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for exampleat least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, atleast 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, atleast 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments,for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%,between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between40-45%, or between 44-50%.

In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines mayrealize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%,at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, atleast 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, atleast 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example,the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, forexample between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%,between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%,or between 44-50%.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to achieve substantially complete combustion, or at least morecomplete combustion, within the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, more complete combustion may be more than 10%,for example more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%,more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than99% combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, substantiallycomplete combustion may be more than 80%, for example more than 85%,more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than98%, or more than 99% combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to theinternal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the operation of the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all)of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodimentsor parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the internalcombustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature and/or may runcleaner. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustionengine may generate more power for the same or lower amount of fuel. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maygenerate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation ofexhaust aftertreatment systems. In certain embodiments, for example, theinternal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures moresuitable for efficient operation of diesel particulate filter (DPF). Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maygenerate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation ofselective catalytic reactor (SCR). In certain embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures moresuitable for efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maygenerate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation ofNOx trap.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to introduce a second fuel (for example a second fuel exclusiveof a petroleum-derived fuel) into an internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the second fuel (or booster gas orenhancement gas) comprises hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. Incertain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may substantiallycomprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certainembodiments, for example, the second fuel may predominantly comprisehydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, forexample, the second fuel may be a product of electrolysis.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture (for example anoxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use as a second fuel in an internalcombustion engine). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixturemay be an oxygen-rich or hydrogen-rich a gas mixture. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one ormore of the following aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysiscomponents: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen,diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen,mononuclear ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions,superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical,ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures ofthe same. In certain embodiments, for example, in exemplary embodiments,the gas mixture may be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ionsand oxygen ions, or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ionand diatomic oxygen, etc.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two partshydrogen to one part oxygen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (forexample 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, 0.75:1, or 0.5:1). In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modifiedbefore being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with anadditive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified byadding, recycling or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certainembodiments, for example, the electrolysis process may generate ahydrogen to oxygen ratio of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example ahydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 and the system may be configured todeliver a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than2:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, such as1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling,a portion of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery.Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen tooxygen ratio of 2:1, but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for exampleoxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, method, or systemmay be configured to release the trapped oxygen to effectively delivermore oxygen to the internal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygento one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example,the electrolysis process may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio ofbetween 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 2:1ratio, and the system may be configured to deliver a gas mixture havingan oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 2:1, for example an oxygen tohydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 orless by removing, adding or recycling a portion of the hydrogen oroxygen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. In certain embodiments,for example, the system may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of lessthan 3.5:1, less than 3:1, less than 2.75:1, less than 2.5:1.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to result in a more reliably controlled gas mixture generationprocess. In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided tothe system for gas generation may be continually or continuouslyregulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or substantiallyreal time), so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity ofgas, for example, in relation to the engine speed and/or demand.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to utilize a substantially closed-loop system that recycles awater-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous electrolyte solutionelectrolysis component) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to alter combustion (for example diesel combustion) chemistry toreduce particulate formation. In certain embodiments, for example,internal combustion engines may realize a reduction in particulateformation of greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%,greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than 35%,greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 75%,greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95% or close to 100%.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to increase the concentration of an oxidizer in an internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase inthe amount of oxidizers may be at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%,at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, atleast 45%, or at least 50%. In certain embodiments, for example, theincrease in the amount of oxidizers may be between 5-50%, such asbetween 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-30%, between 25-35%, between30-40%, between 35-45%, or between 40-50%.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems that serve as a mechanism for distributing the oxidizer for moreeven air/fuel mixture.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speedcombustion, enhance combustion, and/or increase the extent ofcombustion.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine'sintake system. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (includingfor instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of theother embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,an apparatus, method, or system may displace air within the engine'sintake system with the gas mixture, resulting from the gas mixturegenerator system. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may be used to create a shorter combustion processthat lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation ofnitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysisof an aqueous electrolyte solution and introducing at least a portion ofthe gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion. Incertain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system maygenerate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueouselectrolyte solution and introducing a substantial portion (for examplegreater than 95 wt. %), of the gas mixture into the engine's intake forimproved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysisof an aqueous electrolyte solution and storing the gas mixture in astorage tank instead of introducing the gas mixture into the engine'sintake. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, orsystem may generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of agas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intakefor improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, anapparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the rangeof between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9,3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and/or produce in the rangeof between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of enginedisplacement, such as 0.1, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32,0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 liters of gas per minute per literof engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, anapparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the rangeof between 0.25-3 liters of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5,between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50,between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1,between 1-2, between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between1.5-2, between 2-2.5, between 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system or apparatus togenerate a gas mixture for use with an internal combustion engine, thesystem or apparatus comprising a tank configured to store an aqueouselectrolyte solution consisting essentially of water and a predeterminedquantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, one or morethan one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments ofthe system or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments orparts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the system orapparatus may further comprise a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell)configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous electrolytesolution. In certain further embodiments, for example, the cell maycomprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel to oneanother and be spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one ofthe plurality of plates, and at least one seal located between theplurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the at leastone seal may comprise a relatively hard plastic portion with a firstthickness for maintaining the predetermined distance between adjacentplates, and a relatively soft sealing portion, typically, a soft, oftenrubber or rubber-like portion, with a second thickness for maintainingthe substantially airtight and substantially watertight seal betweenadjacent ones of the plurality of plates.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may furthercomprise a controller configured to apply a pulse width modulatedvoltage to the cell to generate the gas mixture within the cell. Incertain further embodiments, for example, the controller may beconfigured to regulate the current provided to the cell by controllingthe duty cycle of the pulse width modulated voltage. In certainembodiments, for example, the duty cycle may be controlled in real timeand/or substantially real time.

In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may furthercomprise an output for outputting the gas mixture to the internalcombustion engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be input intothe tank prior to being output to the internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be output to theinternal combustion engine without being input into the tank. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be stored in the tankwithout being output to the internal combustion engine under certainoperating conditions. In certain embodiments, for example, the gasgeneration system or apparatus may be integral with the gas storagetank.

In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may be manufactured of amaterial that is non-conductive.

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be a metalsalt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. Incertain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution (for examplean aqueous electrolyte solution) may comprise a salt selected from thegroup consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NaCl, K₂CO₃, KHCO₃,H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.

In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the tank may beselected such that the aqueous electrolyte solution occupies less than¼, ⅓, ½, ⅔, or ¾, the volume of the tank during operation. In certainembodiments, for example, the tank may have a capacity of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, or 10 liters. In certain embodiments (for example for largerapplications), for example, the tank may be even larger. In certainembodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may comprise multipletanks.

In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise at least twoplates, a first plate configured to be coupled to a positive terminal ofa voltage source and a second plate configured to be coupled to anegative terminal of the voltage source. In certain embodiments, forexample, the cell may further comprise at least one neutral plateconfigured in a series relationship to the first plate and the secondplate. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise atleast 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, atleast 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13,at least 14, or at least 15 neutral plates. In certain embodiments, forexample, the number of neutral plates may be selected to obtain adesired voltage drop between the plates.

In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion of the atleast one seal may be positioned on an inner edge of the hard plasticportion of the seal.

In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may belocated on the outer edge of hard plastic portion. In certainembodiments, for example, the seal may comprise at least two softplastic portions—a first soft plastic portion may be located between theinterface of the hard plastic portion and a first one of the adjacentplates and a second soft plastic portion may be located between theinterface of the hard plastic portion and a second one of the adjacentplates. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft plastic portionmay surround the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certainembodiments, for example, the thickness of the soft rubber portion maybe larger than the thickness of the hard plastic portion of the seal. Incertain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be0.002″, 0.003″, 0.004″, 0.005″, 0.006″″, 0.007″, 0.008″, 0.009″, 0.010″,0.0125″, 0.025″, 0.0375″, 0.050″, 0.0625″, or 0.075″ thick. In certainembodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be 0.002″, 0.003″,0.004″, 0.005″, 0.006″, 0.007″, 0.008″, 0.009″, 0.010″, 0.011″, 0.012″,0.13″, 0.014″, 0.030″, 0.038″, 0.055″, 0.0675″, or 0.080″ thick. Incertain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may bemanufactured from a material selected such that the hard plastic portiondoes not significantly react with the aqueous electrolyte solution. Incertain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may bemanufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyphthalamide(PPA), styrene, nylon, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments,for example, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from a materialselected such that the soft rubber portion does not significantly reactwith the aqueous electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, forexample, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from ethylenepropylene diene monomer (EPDM).

In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maybe a turbocharged diesel engine and the gas mixture may be input intothe turbocharged diesel engine up stream of an intake valve or valves.In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine maycomprise a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, a locomotive engine, amarine engine, an aircraft engine, or a generator set engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise aspark-ignition engine, a compression-ignition engine, a naturallyaspirated engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbocompound engine, asupercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an indirect injectionengine, or a port injection engine. In certain embodiments, for example,the internal combustion engine may comprise a gasoline engine, a dieselengine, an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, anatural gas engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine.

In certain embodiments, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems maycomprise a scrubber. In certain embodiments, for example, the scrubbermay comprise a switch configured to sense excess liquid and/or moisturein the form of foam in the gas stream and shut-off the electrolysisprocess to prevent the excess moisture from entering the internalcombustion engine, and/or the accumulation of the gas mixture. Incertain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems maybe exclusive of a scrubber. For example, HHO gas may be generated and/orstored at a temperature (for example a temperature in the range of100-110° F.) that avoids excess and/or moisture and therefore makes ascrubber unnecessary.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, HHO gas that is generatedand distributed moisture-free. Moisture-free HHO gas includes HHO gasfree of entrained water droplets wherein the HHO gas is saturated withwater at a sufficiently low temperature (and/or high pressure) such thatno water condenses from the HHO gas during distribution from anelectrolysis unit to an internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, the moisture-free HHO gas may have no morethan 0.062 g/cm³ (for example no more than 0.06 g/cm³, no more than 0.05g/cm³, or no more than 0.04 g/cm³) water. In certain embodiments, forexample, the moisture-free HHO gas may be saturated with water at atemperature of no more than 120° F. (for example no more than 110° F. orno more than 100° F.) at a pressure in the range of 40-60 psig (forexample a pressure in the range of 45-50 psig).

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for exampleat least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, atleast 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, atleast 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fueleconomy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for examplebetween 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%,between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, orbetween 44-50%.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to improve the operation of an internal combustion engine. Incertain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine mayoperate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, such as anoxygen-rich, oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-richoxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, one or more thanone (including for instance all) of the following embodiments of thesystem or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or partsthereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be alow temperature plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, the plasmamay be a cleaner plasma than that produced by other systems and/ormethods. In certain embodiments, for example, the plasma may be anoxygen rich plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixturemay be an oxygen-rich or a hydrogen-rich gas mixture. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one ormore of the following: aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysiscomponents: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen,diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen,mononuclear, ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions,superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical,ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures ofthe same. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be agas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, ordiatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and diatomicoxygen, etc. In certain embodiments, for example, the oxygen-hydrogengas mixture may be an oxygen-rich gas mixture, an oxygen-hydrogen gasmixture, or a hydrogen-rich oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certainembodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise approximately twoparts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example a ratio of hydrogen tooxygen of 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example a ratio of hydrogen tooxygen of less than 1.75:1, less than 1.5:1, less than 1.25:1, less than1:1, less than 0.75:1, or a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than0.5:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixtureproduced may be modified before being delivered to the internalcombustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixturemay be combined with an additive and/or the composition of the gasmixture may be modified by adding or removing portions of the gasmixture. In certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis processmay generate a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio in therange of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratioof 2:1, and an apparatus, system, or method may be capable of deliveringa gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2:1, forexample a ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 orless, by removing, or recycling, a portion of the hydrogen from the gasmixture prior to delivery. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, forexample, the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of generating a2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, forexample oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, system, ormethod may be configured to enable the release of the trapped oxygen toeffectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion engine.Certain embodiments, for example, may comprise methods capable ofproducing a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygen to onepart hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1,1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, anelectrolysis process may generate between an oxygen to hydrogen ratio inthe range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a 2:1 ratio of oxygento hydrogen and the apparatus, system, or method may be capable ofdelivering a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than2:1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 orless, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less. In certain embodiments, for example,the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gasmixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5:1, less than3:1, less than 2.75:1, less than 2.5:1 oxygen to hydrogen.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to more reliably controlled gas mixture generation process. Incertain embodiments, for example, the current provided for gasgeneration may be continually or continuously regulated or controlled,for example, in real time (or substantially real time), so apredetermined quantity of gas is consistently produced.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to utilize a substantially closed-loop method of electrolysisthat recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort toreduce its consumption.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems capable of altering combustion (for example diesel combustion)chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In certain embodiments, forexample, the methods may be capable of achieving a reduction inparticulate formation from an internal combustion engine of greater than5%, for example greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%,greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%,greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%,greater than 90%, greater than 95% or close to 100%. In certainembodiments, for example, the concentration of an oxidizer in aninternal combustion engine may be increased. In certain embodiments, forexample, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be at least 5%, forexample at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. Incertain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount ofoxidizers may be in the range of between 5-50%, such as between 5-25%,between 10-20%, between 10-40%, between 15-25%, between 20-30%, between25-35%, between 25-50%, between 30-40%, between 40-50%, between 35-45%,or between 40-50%.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to distribute the oxidizer for more even air/fuel mixture.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speedcombustion and/or increase combustion completion.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine'sintake system.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to create a shorter combustion process that lowers the enginetemperature thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of agas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueouselectrolyte solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intakefor improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, theapparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the rangeof between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9,3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and/or produce in the rangeof between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of enginedisplacement, such as 0.1, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32,0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 liters of gas per minute per literof engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, theapparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the rangeof between 0.25-3 liters of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5,between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50,between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1,between 1-2, between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between1.5-2, between 2-2.5, between 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems to reduce the particulate emissions of an internal combustionengine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method may comprise thesteps of generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustionengine and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion engineduring operation of the internal combustion engine. In certainembodiments, for example, a method may comprise: generating a gasmixture for use within the internal combustion engine, and providing thegas mixture to the internal combustion engine during operation of theinternal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gasmixture may be generated in substantially real time relative to theconsumption of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, thegas mixture may be generated onboard the vehicle during operation of theinternal combustion engine.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, orsystems wherein a tank may be at least partially filled with an aqueouselectrolyte solution consisting essentially of water and a predeterminedquantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, for example,the apparatus, methods, or systems may perform electrolysis of theaqueous electrolyte solution within a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell)configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous electrolytesolution.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different plates. Inone cell, uncoated stainless steel plates were used and in a second cellplatinum-coated stainless steel plates were used. The electrolyteconcentration, of potassium carbonate in water, was adjusted in the cellwith uncoated plates such that the current draw was essentiallyidentical. All other conditions were essentially identical. Thefollowing table reports the results.

TABLE 1 Performance Feature Uncoated versus Coated Plates ElectrolyteUncoated plates required approximately 3 times Concentration greaterconcentration. HHO Gas Uncoated plates produced approximately 50% lessProduction HHO gas. Current Draw After 4 hours of testing, the cellswith uncoated plates had a noticeably lower electrolyte level resultingin lower current draw.Experimental Note: Iridium-coated plates performed similar to platinumcoated plates

Example 2

A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different plates. In afirst cell, 7 platinum coated stainless steel plates were used and in asecond cell 5 platinum coated stainless steel plates were used. Thecurrent draw was kept essentially the same for both cells during thetest procedure, by adjusting the concentration of the electrolyte in the7-plate cell to almost twice the concentration of the 5-plate cell. Allother conditions were essentially identical. The following table reportsthe results.

TABLE 2 Performance Feature 5 Plates Versus 7 Plates HHO Gas Production5 plates produced 20-25% more HHO gas.

Example 3

A series of experiments was conducted with and without HHO gasinjection. In the experimental setup, a vehicle powered by a PACCARMX-13 diesel engine underwent snap acceleration from 0 to 80 mph in achassis dynamometer test cell and exhaust emissions measured. Resultsare recorded in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Emissions Reduction (results in PPM) when HHO Gas Injected IntoPACCAR MX-13 Diesel Engine. Exhaust Component With HHO Injection WithoutHHO Injection NO_(x) 40 295 CO 0 0 CO₂ 7.6 8.8 HC 0 0 O₂ 8.9 8.6

Example 4

A series of experiments was conducted with and without HHO gasinjection. In the experimental setup, a vehicle powered by a PACCARMX-13 diesel engine was run at a steady state speed of 60 mph for 5minutes in a chassis dynamometer test cell, and fuel economy and exhaustemissions measured. The experiment was repeated without HHO gasinjection. Results are recorded in Table 4.

TABLE 4. Increased Fuel Economy and Emissions Reduction (results in PPM)when HHO Gas Injected Into PACCAR MX-13 Diesel Engine. With HHOInjection Without HHO Injection Fuel Economy (GPH) 6.46 7.73 NO_(x) 5118 CO 0 0 CO₂ 4.5 4.9 HC 0 1 O₂ 14.5 14.2

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

While several embodiments of the present invention have been describedand illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readilyenvision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing thefunctions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of theadvantages described herein, and each of such variations and/ormodifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention.More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatall parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations describedherein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters,dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon thespecific application or applications for which the teachings of thepresent invention is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize,or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, manyequivalents to the specific embodiments the invention described herein.It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments arepresented by way of example only and that, within the scope of theappended claims and equivalents thereto, the invention may be practicedotherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The presentinvention is directed to each individual feature, system, article,material, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combinationof two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, and/ormethods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, and/or methodsare not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of thepresent invention.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in thespecification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to thecontrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in theclaims, should be understood to mean “both or either or in a serieshaving more than two elements all or a subset of all elements or justone of the elements” Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A,B and/or C,” is understood to include A, B and C, A and B, A and C, Band C, and A or B or C. As used herein in the specification and in theclaims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or moreelements, should be understood to mean at least one element selectedfrom any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but notnecessarily including at least one of each and every elementspecifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding anycombinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition alsoallows that elements may optionally be present other than the elementsspecifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase“at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elementsspecifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least oneof A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or,equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment,to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no Bpresent (and optionally including elements other than B); in anotherembodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, withno A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yetanother embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one,A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (andoptionally including other elements); etc.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitionalphrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,”“containing,” “involving,” “holding,” and the like are to be understoodto be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only thetransitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, asset forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent ExaminingProcedures, Section 2111.03.

The features disclosed in this specification (including accompanyingclaims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative featuresserving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly statedotherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each featuredisclosed is one example of a generic series of equivalent or similarfeatures.

The subject headings used in the detailed description are included forthe ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limit thesubject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. Thesubject headings should not be used in construing the scope of theclaims or the claim limitations.

The disclosure has been described with reference to particularembodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled inthe art that it is possible to embody the disclosure in specific formsother than those of the embodiments described above. The embodiments aremerely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive. The scopeof the disclosure is given by the appended claims, rather than thepreceding description, and all variations and equivalents that fallwithin the range of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

1. A dual-chamber electrolysis vessel configured for safe storage of HHOgas for use by an internal combustion engine, comprising: i) reusablecontainer components, comprising: a) upper and lower cylindrical membersaligned along a common central axis; and b) a middle plate between theupper and lower cylindrical members, the middle plate dividing aninterior of the vessel into a first chamber and a second chamber, thefirst chamber containing an electrolysis cell, the electrolysis cellconfigured to produce HHO gas; and ii) a replaceable pressure retainingand relief system, the replaceable pressure retaining and relief systemconfigured to a) retain the reusable container components in a fixedconfiguration when the contents of the vessel are below a reliefpressure; and b) allow reuse of the reusable container componentswithout repair by releasing contents of the vessel at the reliefpressure.
 2. The vessel of claim 1, wherein the replaceable pressureretaining and relief system is configured to open the vessel at least2%, relative to a surface area of the vessel within 1 ms of contents ofthe vessel reaching the relief pressure.
 3. The vessel of claim 1,wherein the replaceable pressure retaining and relief system isconfigured to retain HHO gas within a storage pressure range.
 4. Thevessel of claim 3, wherein the second chamber is in continuous fluidcommunication with the first chamber, the second chamber configured tostore at least a portion of the produced HHO gas.
 5. The vessel of claim4, which is configured for passive transport of HHO gas from the firstchamber to the second chamber.
 6. The vessel of claim 1, wherein thesecond chamber is configured to contain less than a 1 hour supply of HHOgas.
 7. The vessel of claim 1, wherein a controller is configured tocontrol an electricity supply to the electrolysis cell to maintain avolume of HHO gas in the second chamber within the storage pressurerange.
 8. The vessel of claim 1, wherein the replaceable pressureretaining and relief system comprises a pressure release member, thepressure release member sized to release at least a portion of thecontents of the vessel when the vessel pressure reaches the reliefpressure.
 9. The vessel of claim 8, wherein the pressure release memberis non-reclosing.
 10. The vessel of claim 9, wherein the pressurerelease member is configured to open the second chamber.
 11. The vesselof claim 9, wherein the relief pressure is less than the lowest failurepoint of the vessel components.
 12. The vessel of claim 1, wherein thereplaceable pressure retaining and relief system comprises at least oneelongated retaining member.
 13. The vessel of claim 12, wherein the atleast one elongated retaining member comprises an all-thread rod. 14.The vessel of claim 12, wherein the replaceable pressure retaining andrelief system is configured to open the vessel when the at least oneelongated retaining member yields.
 15. (canceled)
 16. The vessel ofclaim 1, wherein the reusable container components further comprise afirst endplate adapted to one end of the upper cylindrical member,wherein the first endplate is a pressure release member.
 17. The vesselof claim 16, wherein the vessel is configured to open the first endplateto form a vent area within 0.1 ms of contents of the vessel reaching therelief pressure.
 18. The vessel of claim 1, wherein the replaceablepressure retaining and relief system is configured to open the vesselupon detonation of HHO gas in the first chamber and/or the secondchamber.
 19. The vessel of claim 1, which is adapted for installationonboard a vehicle.
 20. The vessel of claim 1, wherein the replaceablepressure retaining and relief system is configured to form a vent areaat a top of the second chamber.
 21. The vessel of claim 1, wherein acontroller is configured to control an electricity supply to theelectrolysis cell to maintain a temperature in the first chamber of lessthan 65° C.
 22. The vessel of claim 1, which is in communication with atleast one injector, the at least one injector configured to deliver atleast a portion of the HHO gas to an internal combustion particulatefilter (DPF) regenerator system.
 23. The vessel of claim 1, which is incommunication with a plurality of injectors, the plurality of injectorsconfigured to introduce at least a portion of the HHO gas to at leastone combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine.
 24. Thevessel of claim 23, wherein the plurality of injectors comprises: i) afirst injector configured to deliver a first portion of the HHO gas towithin 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet of a firstcombustion chamber of the internal combustion engine; ii) a secondinjector configured to deliver a second portion of the HHO gas to asecond combustion chamber inlet of a second combustion chamber of theinternal combustion engine; and iii) at least a third injectorconfigured to deliver at least a third portion of the HHO gas to atleast a third combustion chamber inlet of at least a third combustionchamber of the internal combustion engine.
 25. The vessel of claim 24,wherein the first injector is configured to deliver the first portion ofthe HHO gas during a portion of an intake stroke of a first combustioncylinder, the first combustion cylinder comprising the first combustionchamber.
 26. The vessel of claim 25, wherein the during a portion of anintake stroke is when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of0-40° from top-dead-center.
 27. The vessel of claim 1, which is incommunication with a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger configured toreceive at least a portion of the HHO gas.
 28. The vessel of claim 27,wherein the heat exchanger is configured to receive an engine exhauststream and/or an engine coolant stream.
 29. The vessel of claim 1,wherein an electrical supply to the electrolysis cell is isolated fromthe second chamber.